The invention discloses a high-toughness, durable and antiskid steel bridge deck pavement structure and a construction method thereof. The steel bridge deck pavement structure comprises a steel bridgedeck steel plate; a bonding bottom layer, a buffer layer, an adhesion layer and a wearing layer are sequentially laid on the surface of the steel bridge deck steel plate from bottom to top; the buffer layer and the wearing layer are both made of high-toughness modified asphalt concrete composed of aggregate, filler and asphalt cement, the thickness of the buffer layer is 1-3 cm, and the thicknessof the wearing layer is 2-3 cm. The bridge deck pavement structure has good high-temperature rut resistance, fatigue durability, skid resistance, bonding strength and deformation compliance, comparedwith epoxy asphalt concrete, the engineering cost is greatly reduced, the construction process is simple, and later maintenance is convenient.