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The invention discloses a smart agricultural variable fertilization control system and method based on image recognition, and relates to the technical field of smart agriculture, and the method comprises the steps: collecting an orchard multi-source image and laser radar data through an unmanned aerial vehicle, and dividing an orchard into different microclimate management units according to topographic features; extracting the vein mesophyll color difference ratio of the citrus leaves from the visible light image, correcting the traditional spectral index, and eliminating the interference of light environment difference on nutrition diagnosis; based on the corrected spectral index, establishing a nitrogen demand model in combination with terrain and tree body parameters, and generating a single-plant personalized variable fertilization prescription map; and importing the prescription map into the intelligent fertilizer applicator, and controlling fertilizer discharge to execute variable-rate fertilizer application operation by locating and inquiring the fertilizer application amount in real time. According to the method, the dynamic compensation model based on the vein and mesophyll color difference ratio is constructed, the leaf morphological characteristics and the spectral information are cooperatively processed, the traditional vegetation index is dynamically corrected, and the spectral response deviation caused by the light environment difference under the complex terrain can be reduced.