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This invention discloses a silica aerogel thermal insulation material and its preparation method, belonging to the technical field of silica aerogel thermal insulation material preparation, including the following steps: S1: collecting polycrystalline silicon waste and extracting high-purity silica from the polycrystalline silicon waste; S2: etching the high-purity silica; S3: reacting the high-purity etched silica with sodium hydroxide solution to generate a water glass solution; S4: adjusting the pH value of the water glass solution with sulfuric acid solution to generate silica hydrogel; S5: reacting and aging the generated silica hydrogel with n-propanol solution; S6: reacting the aged silica hydrogel with vinyltriethoxysilane solution to make the silica hydrogel hydrophobic, and drying at normal pressure to obtain the silica aerogel thermal insulation material; this invention eliminates the need for re-sintering after obtaining the finished product, thus not affecting the thermal insulation performance of the finished product.