Charging member, process for its production, process cartridge
a technology of electrophotography and process, applied in the direction of corona discharge, thin material processing, instruments, etc., can solve the problems of non-uniformity of conductive cover layer volume resistivity and other problems, and achieve stable and good charging performance, and form high-grade electrophotographic images stably
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[0089]The present invention is described below in greater detail by giving specific working examples. How to measure various parametric values measured in the present working examples is described first.
[0090]Measurement of Graphite (002) Plane Lattice Spacing of Graphitized Particles Per Se and Graphitized Particles Contained in Surface Layer
[0091]About the plane lattice spacing of Graphitized particles 1 to 32 described later, it is measured with a sample horizontal type high-intensity X-ray diffraction instrument (trade name: RINT / TTR-II; manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) under the following conditions to obtain an X-ray diffraction chart. About the plane lattice spacing of graphitized particles contained in the surface layer, first about 50 mg of graphitized particles are picked from the surface layer. This is measured with the above instrument to obtain an X-ray diffraction chart.
[0092]A peak position of diffraction profiles from graphite (002) planes is determined from each ...
production example a1
Production of Graphitized Particle 1
[0112]β-Resin was extracted from coal-tar pitch by solvent fractionation and this was hydrogenated to carry out heavy-duty treatment. Next, its solvent-soluble matter was removed by using toluene, to obtain bulk-mesophase pitch. The bulk-mesophase pitch obtained was mechanically so pulverized as to be 3 μm in volume average particle diameter. Next, the bulk-mesophase pitch obtained was heated in air up to 270° C. at a heating rate of 300° C. / hour to effect oxidation. Subsequently, the bulk-mesophase pitch thus pulverized and oxidized was heated in an atmosphere of nitrogen up to 3,000° C. at a heating rate of 1,500° C. / hour, and then heated at this temperature of 3,000° C. for 15 minutes, followed by classification to obtain Graphitized particle 1.
production example a2
Production of Graphitized Particle 2
[0113]In Production Example A1, the bulk-mesophase pitch was mechanically so pulverized as to be 1 μm in volume average particle diameter, and conditions for the treatment in the step of oxidation in Production Example A1 were changed to heating to 2,000° C. at a heating rate of 1,000° C. / hour. Also, conditions for the treatment in the step of heating were changed to a temperature of 2,000° C. for 10 minutes and conditions for the subsequent classification were changed. Except for these, the procedure of Production Example A1 was repeated to obtain Graphitized particle 2.
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