The invention is suitable for the technical field of image processing, and particularly relates to a rural short video one-key editing method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining video source data, carrying out the preprocessing, and obtaining the preprocessed video data; adjusting audio track information in the preprocessed video data to obtain repaired audio track data; identifying the preprocessed video data, and editing the preprocessed video data according to an identification result to obtain edited video data; screening background music from a preset music library; and synthesizing a short video according to the repaired audio track data, the edited video data and the background music. According to the method and the system, the video source data is preprocessed, the picture and the audio track are independently repaired, the audio track is correct, the picture is clear, the wonderful parts are screened out through content recognition, and therefore the edited video data is synthesized, editing, adjustment and music matching of the video can be automatically completed, only the wonderful segments are extracted, the quality of the short video is greatly improved, and the impression experience is improved.