Metal complexes of substituted catecholates and redox flow batteries containing the same
A flow battery, catechol technology, applied in fuel cells, titanium organic compounds, circuits, etc., can solve the problems of flow battery technology that has not yet realized the combination of characteristics, reduced round-trip energy efficiency, and poor cycle life.
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[0128] The substituted catecholate ligands described above can be prepared using conventional coupling reactions using readily available starting materials. For example, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene are commercially available and can be functionalized to prepare some of the substituted catecholate ligands described herein. Similarly, d,l-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, protocatechualdehyde or protocatechuic acid (see for example figure 2 ) can be used as a starting material for the preparation of some of the substituted catecholate ligands described herein. In some cases it is advantageous to protect the 1,2-hydroxyl groups of the catechol backbone prior to further functionalization, for example by reaction with ethylene or propylene glycol. Acyclic protecting group strategies can also be used. Similarly, alpha-hydroxycatechol carboxylic acids, catecholamines, polyols, polyolcarboxy acids, amino acids, and amines are also commercially or synthetically ava...
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