Individually encapsulated solar cells and solar cell strings

Abstract

Methods and devices are provided for improved environmental protection for photovoltaic devices and assemblies. In one embodiment, the device comprises of an individually encapsulated solar cell, wherein the encapsulated solar cell includes at least one protective layer coupled to at least one surface of the solar cell. The protective layer has a chemical composition that prevents moisture from entering the solar cell and wherein light passes through the protective layer to reach an absorber layer in the solar cell.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11 / 462,359 filed Aug. 3, 2006, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 746,626 filed May 5, 2006; commonly assigned, copending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 746,961 filed May 10, 2006; commonly assigned, copending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 804,570 filed Jun. 12, 2006; commonly assigned, copending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 804,571 filed Jun. 12, 2006; and commonly assigned, copending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 806,096 filed Jun. 28, 2006. This application is also a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11 / 460,613 filed Jul. 27, 2006. All of the foregoing applications are fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]This invention relates generally to solar cells, and more specifically, to protective layers used to protect sol...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0009]The present invention provides methods and devices for improved environmental protection for photovoltaic devices and assemblies. In one embodiment, the device comprises of an individually encapsulated solar cell, wherein the encapsulated solar cell includes at least one protective layer coupled to at least one surface of the solar cell. The protective layer has a chemical composition that prevents moisture from entering the solar cell and wherein light passes through the protective layer to reach an absorber layer in the solar cell. It should be understood that the protective layer described herein can be applied to any type of photovoltaic device and is not limited to thin-film, organic, or silicon based solar cells. Individual encapsulation of the cell and / or cell string can effectively address the issue of lateral ingress of vapor between the top and bottom protective sheets.

[0029]In another embodiment of the present invention, solar cells may be protected from the environment, particularly water, by an ultrathin film of transparent inorganic material (dielectric), which may be formed from silica-containing precursors or from atomic layer deposition of dielectric precursors, with or without the presence of small (nanoscale) silica or other dielectric particles, or by sintering such particles using rapid thermal processes which do not heat the underlying substrate. The ability to make good barriers at low cost, and especially directly on top of the cell, thereby protecting both the top and edges, and may be desirable to enable a wider choice of materials for the protective layers. In one embodiment, the method may involve the use of silica particles to provide most of the barrier, coupled with “fillers” provided from fluid phases (either liquid or gas) to connect them. Alternatively the method may involve heating the particles with RTP to fuse them while still not damaging the substrate. In yet another embodiment, atomic layer deposition may be used to place a barrier directly on the cell.

Problems solved by technology

Unfortunately, this type of outdoor placement also subjects the solar cells and solar cell modules to substantially constant weather and moisture exposure.

A central challenge in finding suitable encapsulating material for use with solar cells is finding one material that has best-in-class qualities for the many properties desired in a good environmental encapsulant.

There may be some materials that provide good moisture barrier qualities but are not sufficiently transparent to pass light down to the absorber layer in the solar cell.

Other layers may be good at moisture and transparent, but discolor over time and reduces transparency with ongoing use.

Although glass provides a very durable and weather resistant layer, it does so at the cost of being expensive, heavy, and rigid.

Glass modules are also generally more challenging to manufacture in a high-throughput manner.

This further complicates the manufacturing process as it is difficult to avoid gaps in the barrier, especially at the interfaces of the edge tape and the glass as well as the edge tape and any bottom layer.

Furthermore, thin-film solar cells are more sensitive to moisture exposure than traditional silicon based solar cells.

It is generally undesirable to expose any type of solar cell to direct moisture contact.

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