The invention discloses a solar thermal film coupling multi-effect water desalination device and method, and belongs to the field of seawater desalination devices. The device comprises a CPC condensation and heat collection distillation device, an active film distillation device and a collection box, wherein the CPC condensation and heat collection distillation device comprises a CPC condenser, atwo-way vacuum heat collection pipe, a first main pipe and a steam confluence pipe, the active film distillation device comprises a latent heat recovery water tank, the bottom of the latent heat recovery water tank is communicated with the first main pipe, a latent heat recovery coil pipe communicated with the steam confluence pipe is arranged in the latent heat recovery water tank, the water tankis communicated with the latent heat recovery water tank, a hydrophobic membrane is positioned on the wall of one side, opposite to the water tank, of the latent heat recovery water tank, and a condensed fresh water outlet is formed in the side surface of an air gap. According to the water desalination device and method disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, passive solar distillation, active solar distillation and membrane distillation technologies are combined, so that the solar energy utilization rate, the comprehensive energy efficiency of the system and the water production capacity can be greatly improved, and the purposes of uninterrupted operation and device miniaturization are achieved.