Method and apparatus for performing minimally invasive surgical procedures

Abstract

The system includes a pair of surgical instruments that are coupled to a pair of robotic arms. The instruments have end effectors that can be manipulated to hold and suture tissue. The robotic arms are coupled to a pair of master handles by a controller. The handles can be moved by the surgeon to produce a corresponding movement of the end effectors. The movement of the handles is scaled so that the end effectors have a corresponding movement that is different, typically smaller, than the movement performed by the hands of the surgeon. The scale factor is adjustable so that the surgeon can control the resolution of the end effector movement. The movement of the end effector can be controlled by an input button, so that the end effector only moves when the button is depressed by the surgeon. The input button allows the surgeon to adjust the position of the handles without moving the end effector, so that the handles can be moved to a more comfortable position. The system may also have a robotically controlled endoscope which allows the surgeon to remotely view the surgical site. A cardiac procedure can be performed by making small incisions in the patient's skin and inserting the instruments and endoscope into the patient. The surgeon manipulates the handles and moves the end effectors to perform a cardiac procedure such as a coronary artery bypass graft.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10 / 339,077 filed on Jan. 7, 2003; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09 / 557,950 filed on Apr. 24, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,177; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08 / 873,190 filed on Jun. 11, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,850; which is a continuation-in-part Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08 / 755,063 filed on Nov. 22, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,583; and which is a continuation-in-part Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08 / 603,543 was filed on Feb. 20, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,458 (of which all are incorporated herein by reference).BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to a system and method for performing minimally invasive cardiac procedures. More particularly, the present invention relates to a robotic system and surgical instru...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

The robotic system enhances dexterity and precision during minimally invasive procedures, reducing patient trauma and recovery time by allowing for more complex surgeries, such as coronary artery bypass grafts, to be performed with greater ease and accuracy.

Problems solved by technology

Blockage of a coronary artery may deprive the heart of the blood and oxygen required to sustain life.

Splitting the sternum and opening the chest cavity, commonly referred to as ‘open surgery’, can create a tremendous trauma on the patient.

Additionally, the cracked sternum prolongs the recovery period of the patient.

Manipulating such instruments can be awkward, particularly when suturing a graft to an artery.

It has been found that a high level of dexterity is required to accurately control the instruments.

The tremor further increases the difficulty of performing minimally invasive cardiac procedures.

Because forceps and other instruments designed for minimally invasive surgery are generally long and rigid, they fail to provide a surgeon the dexterity and precision necessary to effectively carry out many procedures in a minimally invasive fashion.

For example, conventional MIS forceps are not well suited for manipulating a needle during a minimally invasive procedure, such as during endoscopy.

Therefore, many MIS procedures that might be performed, have, as of yet, not been accomplished.

However, by inserting an instrument through a small aperture, such as one made in a patient to effectuate a minimally invasive procedure, two degrees of freedom are lost.

It is this loss of freedom of movement within the surgical site that has substantially limited the types of MIS procedures that are performed.

Dexterity is lacking in MIS because the instruments that are used fail to provide the additional degrees of freedom that are lost when the instrument is inserted into a patient.

One problem associated with this lack of dexterity is the inability to suture when the instruments are in certain positions.

As a result, surgeries that require a great deal of suturing within the surgical site are almost impossible to perform because the surgical instruments to enable much of this work are not available.

Another problem associated with MIS is the lack of precision within the surgical site.

Currently, with hand positioned instruments, the precision necessary for such suturing is lacking.

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