Sulfonated polyphenylene polymers
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example i
[0077]One method for sulfonating a polyphenyl backbone with the illustrative parent polyphenylene structure is illustrated in scheme 1
[0078]
The sulfonating agent is added to solid polyphenylene polymer. The ration of acid to polymer repeat unit is varied to yield polymers with various ion exchange capacities. Examples of sulfonating agents include sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide but are not limited thereto. Use of this method can result in inhomogenous sulfonation since only the face of the polymer is in contact with the sulfonating agent. Alternatively, sulfonation can proceed by dissolving the polymer in a chlorinated hydrocarbon, followed by the addition of the sulfonating agent. This results in sulfonation that occurs homogenously through the polymer backbone since each repeat group has an equal probability of reacting with the sulfonating agent. Chlorosulfonic acid sulfonation at elevated temperatures results in a homogenous sulfonation of each polymer unit...
example ii
[0085]Sulfonated polyphenylene polymer materials are analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Referring now to FIG. 2, peaks at 1036 cm−1 and 1126 cm−1 correspond to sulfonic acid stretching frequencies while the intensity of the peak corresponds to the absolute amount of sulfonic acid pendant groups. Peak at 1494 cm−1 is the reference peak which is present in the parent and the sulfonated polymer.
[0086]The ion exchange capacity of membranes increase with an increase in the sulfonic acid content of each polymer unit. Referring now to FIG. 3, the absorbance ratio of the sulfonic acid stretching frequency at 1036 cm−1 is divided by the reference peak at 1494 cm−1 for an SDAPP polymer composition. This ratio is plotted against the ion exchange capacity (meq / g) as measured for SDAPP membranes. The absorbance ration of 1036 / 1494 cm−1 increases with an increase in the ion exchange capacity. Ion exchange capacity is determined by treating 0.2 g of acidified and dried polymer with 10 ml of 0.1 M ...
example iii
[0091]Referring now to FIG. 5, the storage modulus E′(Pa) and glass transition state (Tg) are summarized for Nation® and DAPP as illustrated in scheme I over the temperature range as shown. A Tg of 418° C. is observed for DAPP and a Tg of 118° C. is observed for Nafion® 117. A significant difference between the DAPP system and the Nafion® 117 beyond the Tg is the order of magnitude difference in E′. Polyphenylene polymer materials have an improved working temperature a compared to Nafion® 117 materials.
[0092]Referring now to FIG. 6, swelling experiments were performed on a series of SDAPP materials and compared to Nafion® 117. The wt % swelling is calculated according to formula 4:
[0093]wt%Swelling=mFinal(wet)-mInitial(dry)mInitial(dry)·100%(4)
Swelling was considered complete after immersing the samples in deionized water at 25° C. and allowing them to equilibrate for 24 hours. SDAPP films having conductivity (Ms / cm) at about 30, 75, 85 and 99 (circled dots) are annotated ...
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