Fuel compositions
a technology of compositions and fuels, applied in the field of fuel compositions, can solve the problems of increasing the product of thermal instability reaction, high thermal stress of aviation fuels (kerosene fractions), and increasing the risk of instability reaction
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example 1
[0112]This example assessed the ability of four different automotive diesel fuel compositions to solubilise catalytic metals when in contact with metal surfaces. The compositions were stored over a copper billet at 43° C. and atmospheric pressure, samples being taken monthly to determine their copper content by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
[0113]The fuels used were:[0114]F1 a commercially available ultra low sulphur automotive diesel fuel (petroleum derived), sourced in the UK;[0115]F2& F3 commercially available zero sulphur automotive diesel fuels (petroleum derived), sourced in Sweden and Germany respectively; and[0116]F4 a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil (ex. Shell).
[0117]The four fuels had the properties listed in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1FuelpropertyTest methodF1F2F3F4CetaneASTM D61360.258.652.0>74.8numberDensity @IP 365 / 0.83120.81120.832 0.785215° C.ASTM(g / cm3)D4052KinematicIP 71 / 2.0412.86 3.606viscosity @ASTM D44540° C.(mm2 / s)Cloud pointIP 219−6−34−9.0 +2...
example 2
[0120]In this example, the intrinsic thermal stabilities of the four fuels F1 to F4 were assessed using the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT), according to the standard test method ASTM D3241 (IP 323). This technique, developed for the evaluation of jet fuels, involves pumping fuel over a heated tube at a specified flow rate for a specified period of time. The JFTOT “breakpoint” is the highest temperature (measured to the nearest 5° C.) at which the fuel passes the JFTOT test criteria, which relate to tube appearance and test filter pressure differential. The JFTOT test was chosen as it subjects a fuel to higher temperatures than those typically observed in a diesel engine, and thus provides a relatively stringent assessment of a fuel's stability. It can also, being an accelerated test method, yield stability data in a relatively short time period.
[0121]The results for the four fuels are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3JFTOTSulphurbreakpointFuel(mg / kg)(° C.)F139240F2350F3285F4>380
[0...
example 3
[0123]This example assessed the impact of copper pick-up on the thermal stability of diesel fuels. Fuels F2 to F4 (those having comparably low sulphur levels) were assessed using the JFTOT method as outlined in Example 1, after doping with an appropriate quantity of copper naphthenate. The doping levels were chosen in each case to approximate to those found in the fuels after 8 weeks' storage in contact with a copper billet, as observed in Example 2. Thus, 50 ppbw of copper was aimed for in fuels F2 and F3, this level being midway between the 80 ppbw and 30 ppbw that were respectively detected in these fuels at day 54. For the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel F4, a dosing level of 20 ppbw was aimed for.
[0124]The JFTOT results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4CuCucontentcontentNeat fuelCu-doped(ppbw) -(ppbw) -JFTOTJFTOTSulphurtargetmeasuredbreakpointbreakpointFuel(mg / kg)levellevel(° C.)(° C.)F25055350345F35060285220F42015>380>380
[0125]As seen in Table 4, the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel F4 st...
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