The present invention relates to a super-resolution spectral imaging system and a super-resolution spectral imaging method based on a scattering medium. The super-resolution spectral imaging system comprises a calibration branch A, a scattering medium 4, a lens 5, a detector 6 and a branch B to be detected, wherein the calibration branch A comprises a light source module 1, a first collimation beam expansion system 2 and a pinhole 3, and the branch B to be detected comprises a light source 7 to be detected, a second collimation beam expansion system 8 and a target 9. According to the embodiments of the present invention, the point spread functions of the system are measured when the light source module outputs different wavelengths so as to construct the spectral point spread function (SPSF), the spectral reconstruction is achieved by using the compressed sensing (CS) method while the scattering medium with the appropriate scattering mean free path is matched, and the speckle receivedby the camera is subjected to convolution removing by using the point spread function corresponding to the wavelength of the light source to be detected, such that the maximum super-resolution imagingcan be achieved without the increase of the complexity of the system; and the super-resolution spectral imaging system has advantages of simple structure, easy control, low component cost, strong anti-disturbance capability and wide application field.