A cell array calculation system comprises an internal control CPU (Central Processing Unit), a cell array, a cell array bus, a bus controller, an external interface, a storage interface and at least one nonvolatile memory which adopts integrated reading and writing, wherein the cell array is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional array formed by more than one cells with calculation and storage functions; each cell includes a microprocessor and the nonvolatile memory; each cell stores a respective position in the cell array as an ID (Identity) so as to be read by software or hardware in the cell; the internal control CPU controls the storage interface, manages storage data and communicates with each cell in the cell array through the cell array bus, and distributes resources in the cell to complete a calculation task; the bus controller coordinates the control power of each main apparatus for the cell array bus. According to the cell array calculation system, communication bottlenecks among the CPU, an internal memory and storage can be overcome, the power consumption of a calculation system is greatly reduced, the processing speed is enhanced, the storage capability of large-scale data is expanded and the overall performance of the system is improved.