Current sensor

Abstract

An apparatus and method make use of a single shunt and two or more instrumentation amplifiers, switchably measuring voltages at the shunt. This permits current measurement. At times each instrumentation amplifier has its input shorted, which permits zeroing out many sources of offset in the signal path of that amplifier. Dynamic range is several orders of magnitude better than known current measurement approaches, permitting coulometry.

Description

BACKGROUND[0001]It is not easy to measure the flow of electricity accurately over a wide dynamic range while dissipating very little waste heat.[0002]Whenever electrical energy is used, it is desirable to measure the quantity of energy used, both per unit of time (e.g. power), and over a specific amount of time (for example, energy used per month). In a residential environment, an electric power meter is a familiar fixture; it allows the power-providing companies to charge their customers for the energy used.[0003]In the most basic terms, the instantaneous power is a product of the voltage applied to, and the current flowing through, the load. An integration of this product (power) over a specific time interval yields the total consumption of the electrical energy within that time interval.[0004]Accurate measurement of the load current is thus an important part of the apparatus that measure the consumption of electrical energy.[0005]It will be helpful to review the present state of ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

The patent text describes a new circuit and algorithm that create a current sensor that can measure larger ranges of currents accurately. This results in several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in dynamic range. Compared with previous technology, the new circuit reduces energy waste in the sensing element to almost zero, and can reduce circuit energy consumption to near-zero levels under low reporting rates or accumulated charge. Additionally, the new circuit is very accurate in measuring even small amounts of current, even when the load current is much smaller than the maximum rated load current.

Problems solved by technology

It is not easy to measure the flow of electricity accurately over a wide dynamic range while dissipating very little waste heat.

It is not uncommon for a DC-supplied system to spend most of its time operating at a very low power level, and to consume the full-rated energy only for relatively brief intervals.

But any non-identical temperature distributions as between the two paths can give rise to errors which are not automatically compensated by the use of differential sensing.

The physical size of the sense resistor 2 can thus get to be a problem, as can be the need to providing adequate cooling of the sense resistor.

The voltage signal in the Hall-effect device is linearly proportional to both the supply current and the magnetic field, within limitations of power dissipation resulting from the supply current, and some additional anomalous effects.

This means that there is always some latency between a current event of interest and the detection of such an event after the averaging or filtering has taken place.

A further potential difficulty with such magnetically coupled measurements (particularly where a DC current is converted to AC for purposes of Hall-effect sensing) is that during the zero crossings of the excitation voltage (that is, near the zero values for the sine-wave excitation), the Hall-effect device is altogether insensitive to the magnetic field, and simply discards any information for the duration of the zero-crossing transitions.

These factors make the Hall effect sensing less than ideal, particularly for a battery-powered system.

For the MR-effect approaches, the notably worst performance is in respect to the zero-current offset for the MR-effect based measurements.

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