The invention discloses an urban ecological river sediment pre-treatment system. The urban ecological river sediment pre-treatment system comprises a treatment box, the treatment box is internally provided with a water strainer plate arranged in an inclined mode, the water strainer plate separates the inner part of the treatment box into a treatment cavity and an accumulated water cavity which arearranged up and down, the treatment cavity is divided into a filtering cavity, a winding cavity, an adsorption cavity and a flocculation cavity from left to right, the winding cavity is internally provided with a winding assembly, a sewage cleaning assembly is arranged on the upper part of the winding assembly, a sewage accumulating box is arranged on the right side of the winding assembly, and the adsorption cavity is internally provided with an adsorption assembly. A treatment method comprises the following steps of (1) filtering treatment, (2) winding and impurity removing treatment, (3) adsorption treatment, (4) flocculation dehydration treatment, and (5) cleaning and maintenance. According to the urban ecological river sediment pre-treatment system and the treatment method, stone, impurities and the like in sediment are removed through the filtering cavity, suspended impurities in the sediment are removed in a winding mode through design of the winding cavity, magnetic materialsin the sediment are adsorbed through the absorption cavity, and finally flocculation is conducted on the sediment through the flocculation cavity, and follow-up dehydration and drying treatment is conveniently conducted on the sediment.