The invention discloses a supported single metallocene catalyst used for vinyl polymerization and a preparation method thereof. The catalyst comprises a single metallocene compound, a chlorinated alkyl silicon modifier, alkyl aluminoxane and a magnesium chloride carrier reaction product; the preparation method comprises the following steps: 1) preparation of a chlorinated alkyl silicon modified magnesium chloride carrier, 2) preparation of an alkyl aluminoxane modified magnesium chloride carrier, and 3)preparation of a magnesium chloride supported single metallocene catalyst; and the obtained single metallocene catalyst has high polymerization activity for catalyzing vinyl polymerization or copolymerization. The preparation method of the magnesium chloride carrier is simple, and the obtained supported catalyst particles have good morphology with adjustable size. The obtained supported single metallocene catalyst is capable of catalyzing copolymerization of ethylene and alpha-alkene, the copolymerization activity is high, the obtained resin powder has good particle morphology, bulk density is high, and the single metallocene catalyst is suitable for the polymerization technology of a slurry method and a gas phase method.