Method for preparing TNT (Trinitrotoluene) by taking nitrotoluene as raw material through one-step method

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preparing TNT (Trinitrotoluene) by taking nitrotoluene as a raw material through a one-step method. According to the method disclosed by the invention, p-nitrotoluene or o-nitrotoluene is used as the raw material and a mixed system of fuming HNO3 / concentrated H2SO4 is used as a nitrating agent, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT is prepared through one-step nitrification reaction; the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT is subjected to structure characterization by adopting a melting point, thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. Influences, caused by a ratio, a feeding manner and a dosage of the mixed system of the fuming HNO3 / concentrated H2SO4, to the yield of a product are explored and reaction conditions are optimized. The TNT is synthesized by taking the nitrotoluene as the raw material through one-step nitrification, so that environment pollution caused by the fact that a lot of waste acid and red water are generated is avoided, and energy source and power consumption caused by reaction steps and nitrification equipment are reduced.

Description

technical field [0001] The invention relates to a method for preparing TNT by using nitrotoluene as a raw material in one-step method, belonging to the technical field of explosive preparation. Background technique [0002] 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a high explosive first synthesized in 1863. It is produced in large quantities by nitration of toluene with nitric acid mixed acid. At present, most of the TNT produced at home and abroad use toluene as raw material, and carry out three-stage nitration process with nitric-sulfur mixed acid, using nine nitration machines, that is, toluene is nitrated into mononitrotoluene (MNT) in one-stage nitration, and one-stage nitration Nitrotoluene includes: o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene; MNT is nitrated into dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the second-stage nitration; DNT is nitrated into trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the third-stage nitration ). In a nutshell, toluene is mixed with fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric...

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Problems solved by technology

With the continuous progress of society, the shortcomings of production technology widely used in industry have become increasingly prominent, mainly as follows: produce asymmetric TNT (2,4,5-, 2,3,4-, 2,3,6-, 2,3,5- and 3,4,5-trinitrotoluene), while also producing large amounts of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and tetranitromethane (TNM), for example, using traditional manufacturing methods, every 100 kg of TNT produced will produce 0.5% TNM, these pollutants need to be removed to prevent them from damaging the environment and causing harm to the environment; strong acid Extensive use has caused serious harm to the environment, and it has been unable to meet the sustainable development of the environment and economy; in industrial production, it has caused serious corrosion to factory equipment; the rapid heat release in the reaction process has caused unstable operation, and it is easy to produce Explosions and other safety accidents occur during the process; when the nitric acid is excessive, oxidation side reactions are prone to occur, resulting in the decomposition of explosives and a decrease in yield; there is no nitrification regioselectivity, a large amount of unnecessary organic isomers are produced, resulting in a large waste of resources; a large amount of waste Acid emissions, raising disposal costs

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