Engineered osteochondral construct for treatment of articular cartilage defects

Abstract

An implant for articular cartilage repair includes (1) a three-dimensional body formed of cancellous bone having a demineralized section that contains bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's) that are released by the demineralization but retained in the body, and (2) a cartilage layer formed on a surface of the demineralized section. The cartilage layer is formed by a method including the steps of (a) isolating chondrocytes from articular cartilage of a donor; (b) cultivating the isolated chondrocytes in a medium; (c) adding the cultivated chondrocytes to the demineralized section of the body, whereby the cultivated chondrocytes are stimulated by the BMP's retained in the body; and (d) incubating the cultivated chondrocytes to form a plurality of layers of chondrocytes on the demineralized section, wherein the plurality of layers of chondrocytes forms the cartilage layer.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11 / 481,955, filed Jul. 7, 2006, and claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 697,563, filed Jul. 11, 2005. The disclosure of each of the applications identified above is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT[0002]Not applicable.REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX[0003]None.FIELD OF INVENTION[0004]The present invention is generally directed towards the treatment of articular cartilage defects using an allograft bone scaffold or carrier. In particular, the allograft bone is treated with allograft chondrocytes to form a cartilage surface on the allograft bone.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0005]Chondrocytes are cells specific to articular cartilage. The isolation and cultivation of chondrocytes is a standard procedure, which h...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0018]It is an object of the invention to provide an autograft and / or allograft implant for joints which provides pain relief, restores normal function and will postpone or alleviate the need for prosthetic replacement.

[0019]It is also an object of the invention to provide a cartilage repair implant which is easily placed in a defect area by the surgeon using an arthroscopic, minimally invasive technique.

Problems solved by technology

The technique of autologous chondrocyte transplantation is very complex and requires postoperative immobilization of the patient.

This method shows good clinical results including a good load capacity of the operated knee-joint, but is only applicable to small cartilage defects due to the limited availability of autologous osteochondral cylinders.

Classical operation techniques, which do not use cartilage or chondrocyte transplantation (abrasion, debridement, Pridie-drilling), result only in a defect repair with fibrous, less load-bearing tissue unfortunately.

Reports of results of osteochondral plug autografts in a small number of patients indicate that they decrease pain and improve joint function, however, long-term results have not been reported.

Factors that can compromise the results include donor site morbidity, effects of joint incongruity on the opposing surface of the donor site, damage to the chondrocytes at the articular margins of the donor and recipient sites during preparation and implantation, and collapse or settling of the graft over time.

The limited availability of sites for harvest of osteochondral autografts restricts the use of this approach to treatment of relatively small articular defects and the healing of the chondral portion of the autograft to the adjacent articular cartilage remains a concern.

However, long term studies of this procedure in rabbits and dogs showed limited success and showed degradation at the implant site.

The original study report has been criticized for not being a prospective controlled randomized study and for lack of quantitative or mechanical data.

As with the perichondrial graft, patient / donor age may compromise the success of this procedure as the chondrocyte population decreases with increasing age.

Disadvantages to this procedure include the need for two separate surgical procedures, potential damage to surrounding cartilage when the periosteal patch is sutured in place, the requirement of demanding microsurgical techniques, and the expensive cost of the procedure which is currently not covered by insurance.

The use of implants for cartilage defects is much more limited than that for bone defects.

Concerns associated with this method are harvest site morbidity and availability, similar to the mosaicplasty method.

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