Process for Making Chitin Derivatives

a technology of chitin and chitin, applied in biochemistry apparatus and processes, hydrolases, enzymes, etc., can solve the problems of higher risk associated with environmental pollution, chemical hydrolysis has some drawbacks to be commercialized, and the stability of chitosan materials is generally lower

Inactive Publication Date: 2012-12-27
AMERICAN CHEM CORP
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  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Description
  • Claims
  • Application Information

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0023]In yet another embodiment, the process comprises (1) forming a mixture comprising a microbial composition and solid chitin, wherein said microbial composition comprises one or more microbes that produce chitin digesting enzymes; and (2) fermenting the mixture for a time sufficient to enzymatically digest all or part of the chitin to form a fermented mixture. The source of the chitin can be HYTc. Alternatively, the chitin can be derived from fungi, including filamentous fungi, and/or yeasts by a non enzymatic process. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,946.
[0024]Still further, the chitin and other useful products can be obtained from the biodegradation of chitin containing biological sources such as the fungi, including filamentous fungi, yeast

Problems solved by technology

Chitosan is much easy to process than chitin, but the stability of chitosan materials is generally lower, owing to their more hydrophilic character and, especially, pH sensitivity.
Even though the chitosan is known to have important functional activities, the high molecular weight and high viscosity may restrict the uses in some special fields, particularly in medicine and the food industry, because most animal intestines, especially human gastrointestinal tract, do not possess enzymes such as chitinase and chitosanase, which directly degrade the β-glucosidic linkage in chitin and chitosan.
However, chemical hydrolysis has some drawbacks to be commercialized, due to development of toxic compounds, higher risk associated with the environment pollution, and lower production yield.

Method used

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  • Process for Making Chitin Derivatives
  • Process for Making Chitin Derivatives
  • Process for Making Chitin Derivatives

Examples

Experimental program
Comparison scheme
Effect test

example 1

[0111]Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Glucosamine

[0112]Chitosan oligosaccharides and glucosamine can be produced under different condition. The hydrolysis time can be varied to find the optimal conditions to produce chitosan and / or glucosamine.

[0113]Manual agitation three times a day was used in each of the following experiments. The temperature was 35° C.

TABLE 2InoculumsChitinAmino acidActivated forTreatment(HYT-C)(HYT-B3 days (HQE)12%—20 g1000ml0ml23%—30 g1000ml0ml34%—40 g1000ml0ml42%—20 g970ml30ml53%—30 g970ml30ml64%—40 g970ml30ml73%, micronized1000ml0mlchitin

[0114]Quantification of Glucosamine

[0115]The analysis of glucosamine is determinate as previously reported Tsuji et al. (1969), with some modifications: Specifically, to a sample of 300 μl, 300 μl KHSO4 (5%), 300 μl NaOH2 (5%), is add. The mixture is then left sanding with occasional shaking for 15 min. The excess of nitrous acid is removed by adding 300 μl NH4SO3 NH2 (12.5%). 300 μl MBTH (0.5%) is added to the m...

example 2

[0116]The following protocol can be used for industrial level production of HYTd with the high concentrations of glucosamine and chitosan. The following table shows the parameters used. The amount of activated HQE is proportional to that used in Example 1.

TABLE 3Parameters of Industrial productionCarrier solution: HYT-B15,000LMicronized chitin (residuary300kgchitin of milling process)TemperatureRoom temperature (30-35° C.)Agitation8hours / dailyProduction time7days

EXAMPLE 3

Production Kinetics

[0117]Table 4 shows the production of glucosamine in HYTd as a function of time. Chitin (20 grams) was digested with 30 ml of activated HQE in 970 ml of HYTb.

TABLE 4% total ofProductionglucosamineGlucosamineGlucosaminedays(HYTd)in HYTbproduced31.110.740.3741.540.740.861.780.741.0471.930.741.19Days of packaging2.290.741.55(approx 20 days)

[0118]The results from this experiment are also depicted in FIG. 2.

example 3

[0119]One kilogram of residual chitin from HYTc was combined with two liters of HYTb. One liter of activated HQE was added. After mixing, twenty liters of water was added. The resulting mixture was fermented for six days at 35 to 36 degrees Celsius. This resulted in a solution containing 6 wt % glucosamine and 2 wt % chitosan. See FIG. 4.

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Abstract

Disclosed is a process comprising (1) forming an aqueous mixture comprising a microbial composition and solid chitin, wherein said microbial composition comprises one or more microbes that produce chitin digesting enzymes; and (2) fermenting the mixture for a time sufficient to enzymatically digest all or part of the chitin to form a fermented mixture comprising chitosan and glucosamine. In some embodiments, the chitin is derived from the biodegradation of chitin containing marine Arthropods. In other embodiments, the chitin and other components contained in fungi, filamentous fungi and yeast can be obtained, for example, by the biodegradation of chitin containing fungi, filamentous fungi, yeast and / or insects, preferably using HQE for the digestion. In some embodiments, the process is carried out with a solution that already contains chitosan and / or glucosamine such as HYTb, the aqueous fraction obtained from the biodegradation of chitin containing organisms.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61 / 500,527 pursuant to 35 C.F.R. 119(e) and is incorporated herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0002]Chitin, poly(β(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) is a natural polysaccharide of mayor importance. This biopolymer is synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms including crustaceans, insects, fungi, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Considering the amount of chitin produced annually in the word, it is the most abundant polymer after cellulose.[0003]The main commercial sources of chitin have been crab and shrimp shell. In industrial processing, chitin is extracted from crustaceans by acid treatment to dissolve calcium carbonate followed by alkaline extraction to solubilize proteins. The most important derivate of chitin is chitosan, obtained by (partial) deacetylation of chitin in the solid state under alkaline conditions (concentrate NaOH) ...

Claims

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Application Information

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IPC IPC(8): C12N9/20C12S3/02
CPCC12P19/04C12N9/20C12P19/26
InventorLOPEZ-CERVANTES, JAIME
OwnerAMERICAN CHEM CORP