The invention relates to a transient electromagnetic underground detecting instrument which comprises a main engine, a transmitter, a power supply, a transmitting coil and a receiving coil. The main engine sends operational orders to the transmitter through a main engine connecting line. A power supply adjusting plate, a current plate and a transmitting plate are arranged in the transmitter. The power supply is a large current power supply, and total voltage provided by the large current power supply is 24 volt(V)-36V. Length of the transmitting coil is 6m-10m, and transmitted power is improved. The power supply adjusting plate, the current plate and the transmitting plate arranged in the transmitter are integrated to form an integrated transmitting plate, and a size of the transmitter is reduced. The transmitter is provided with an explosive-proof cavity and a connecting line cavity, the power supply and the integrated transmitting plate are arranged in the explosive-proof cavity, and explosive atmospheres in an outside world and a launcher with large current are isolated to guarantee using safety. The explosive-proof cavity is composed of an explosive-proof shell body, materials of the explosive-proof shell body are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) engineering plastics which accord with coin mine safety requirements, weight of the transmitter is reduced, and exploration efficiency is improved largely.