Secondary emulsifiers for inverted emulsion fluids and methods for making and using same
a technology emulsifier, which is applied in the field of inverted emulsion fluid, can solve the problems of always being unstabl
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example 1
[0027]This example illustrates the esterification of propylene glycol
[0028]To a mixture of propylene glycol (7.5 g) in a three-necked round bottom flask (250 mL size) and pyridine (60 mL), was added palmitoyl chloride (60 mL) slowly over 10 min. The mixture was refluxed using a heating mantle for 3 hours. After refluxing, 20 g of ice and 50 mL HCl (˜32%) were slowly added to the solution until the solution was acidic (less or more of the acid might be needed, check with pH after adding say 30 mL).
[0029]The organic layer was separated or extracted with chloroform and separated. The organic layer was then concentrated under vacuum to give 4.
[0030]Although pyridine was used to catalyze the reaction, the reaction can also be catalyzed by an acid or the reaction can be performed with heat as a catalyst.
example 2
[0031]This example illustrates a general synthesis of secondary emulsifiers of this invention.
where (a) R1 is a carbyl group having between about 10 and about 40 carbon atoms, (b) Z1 is a halogen atom, SO3R3 group, OPO2R3 group, or OPO3R3 group, where R3 is a hydrogen atom or a carbyl group having between 1 and 12 carbon atoms, (c) Z2 is a hydrogen atom or an NHR2 group, where R2 is a carbyl group having between about 1 and 40 carbon atoms, (d) R5 is a hydrogen atom or a carbyl group, (e) R6 is a hydrogen atom or a carbyl group, and (f) R7 is a hydrogen atom or a carbyl group, where the carbyl group have between 1 carbon atoms and about 10 carbon atoms, and where one or more of the carbon atoms in R1, R2, R5, R6, or R7 can be replaced by B, N, O, Si, P, S, Ge and / or mixtures thereof and one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1, R2, R5, R6, or R7 can be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CONR24, COOR4, OR4, NR24, SR4, PR24, and / or mixtures thereof and where R4 can be a alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl o...
example 3
[0033]This example illustrates the synthesis of 4-chlorophenylpalmitate designated compound 1.
[0034]To a mixture of p-chlorophenol (0.389 mol) and pyridine (150 mL) was added palmitoyl chloride (0.389 mol) over 5 min period. White precipitates were seen when about 75% of the palmitoyl chloride had been added, but a yellowish solution (T=35° C.) was obtained after the entire reagent was added. The resultant yellow solution was heated to reflux and maintained for 2 hours 15 minutes or 2.25 hours.
[0035]Upon cooling, two immiscible liquids were obtained. The light aqueous layer was treated with HCl (100 mL, 35%) followed by filtration to give yellow solid filtration residue. The residue was combined with the viscous organic layer, dissolved in chloroform (200 mL), washed sequentially with dilute HCl (2×100 mL), deionized water (2×200 mL) and dried with magnesium sulfate. The resultant organic mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give an off-white solid (mp 53-55° C., yield 0.386 mol...
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