Hybrid Solar Cell Integrating Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Cell Elements for High Efficiency and Longevity

Abstract

Methods, systems and apparatus for a solar cell integrating photovoltaic and thermoelectric cell elements to form a hybrid solar cell having increased efficiency and longevity by combining operation of the photovoltaic and thermoelectric elements in at least three different modes of operation to increase electrical output per unit of panel area and to increase cell life, improve performance, and provide operational benefits under different environmental conditions.

Description

[0001]This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 243,431 filed on Oct. 1, 2008, now U.S. Pat. 8,420,926 issued Apr. 16, 2013, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60 / 976,987 filed on Oct. 2, 2007. The entire disclosure of each of the applications listed in this paragraph are incorporated herein by specific reference thereto.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]This invention relates to solar cells and, in particular, to methods, apparatus and systems for a hybrid solar cell integrating photovoltaic and thermoelectric cell elements, wherein the thermoelectric cell element is used to cool and heat the photovoltaic element directly to increase the photovoltaic performance and the thermoelectric cell material is optimized to convert heat dissipated by the photovoltaic element into useful electric energy. Photovoltaic.BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART[0003]Semiconductor solar cells are utilized to convert light energy to useable ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0011]A secondary objective of the invention is to provide methods, apparatus and systems for a hybrid solar cell having a mode of operation that uses the heat generated from absorbed solar energy and other heat generating processes, along with a thermoelectric cell configured between this “hot side” and a colder ambient, thus generating additional electric energy which, when added to the photovoltaic cell output, increases the efficiency per unit area by a significant amount.

[0019]The modes of operation includes a first mode of operation using heat generated from absorbed solar energy and other heat generating processes, including ohmic heat from current flow through the photovoltaic cell elements and connections with the thermoelectric cell elements configured between this “hot side” and a colder ambient, to produce electric energy. The modes of operation also includes a second mode of operation with the thermoelectric cell elements configured as a Peltier Effect cooler driven by the DC output of the PC system to cool the photovoltaic cell elements to increase the net output power of the hybrid solar cell under typically hot conditions. Optionally, the at least two modes of operation further includes a sensing device for sensing an external environmental condition, a controller connected with the sensing device and hybrid solar cell for controlling an operation of the hybrid solar cell and a third mode of operation alternating between the first and the second modes of operation based on the external environmental conditions, for the purpose of increasing the net output power of the hybrid cell, or for other operating advantages.

Problems solved by technology

Large numbers of solar cells require more supporting structure and area with solar access (such as the scarce area on rooftops) adding cost and complexity to PV system, and reducing the amount of energy which can be generated on a given site, such as a building or plot of land.

This incentive for improved power output and area reduction is particularly pressing for crystalline solar cells such as mono-crystalline silicone solar cells, which have higher power output per unit area than thin-film solar cells, but continue to be at a disadvantage in cost per unit area, because of their manufacturing requirements.

Under standard conditions of one sun −1000 W / m2 solar illumination, the typical solar cell operating temperature may increase 30-40° C.—so this negative effect can cause a significant power loss of about 15-20%.

During the winter (in northern climates) the PV panels are exposed to extreme temperature conditions, and potential snow and ice buildup.

A first problem with this configuration is the requirement for a nearby thermal heat requirement, such as heating water.

However, even if such a heat load is present, when the water heater component has stored all the hot water possible, such as during a day when there is no use, the water temperature is so high as to render its cooling effect on the photovoltaic module useless.

Another problem with conventional photovoltaic / thermal is its focus on water heating, which can lead to significant temperature gradients across the array, with corresponding thermal stresses.

Photovoltaic solar cells having a component for reducing heat to increase the output power have been limited to rejection of the photovoltaic heat to domestic or process water heating.

Further problems with this type of cooling include the fact that the cooling effect is often negligible, allowing unacceptable thermal cycling stress on all components and that the thermal load requirements do not allow for optimum design of the electric generation system due to the variability of operating conditions.

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