1554 results about "Cell material" patented technology

The invention discloses an intelligent optimization control system and method for a battery material recovery and preparation process, and relates to the technical field of intelligent control. Training sample data and a training quality prediction model in the battery material recovery and preparation process in a test environment are collected, and then a state space, an action space and a reward function of a deep reinforcement learning model are constructed; fusing the prediction result of the quality prediction model and the monitoring data of the sensor in a test environment through a feature fusion strategy, generating a fusion process representation vector, inputting the fusion process representation vector into a deep reinforcement learning model, training the deep reinforcement learning model, and obtaining a fusion process representation vector; based on the real-time sensor data, the quality prediction model and the deep reinforcement learning model, obtaining an action output by the deep reinforcement learning model, and performing parameter regulation and control on the to-be-monitored recovery preparation process by taking the action as an optimization strategy; the production energy consumption is effectively reduced, and the resource utilization efficiency is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of battery materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a porous carbon structure containing a sub-nanoscale ionic conduction improvement layer by utilizing atomic layer deposition and application. The invention discloses a porous carbon-silicon negative electrode structure, which is characterized in that a sub-nano-scale ion conduction improvement layer is added between a porous carbon substrate and silicon particles, and the sub-nano-scale ion conduction improvement layer comprises silicon carbide, aluminum phosphide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, lithium phosphate, aluminum phosphate and lithium aluminum phosphate. Meanwhile, the invention also discloses a preparation method of the porous carbon-silicon negative electrode structure, namely, a sub-nano-scale ion conduction improvement layer is deposited on the porous carbon substrate through an atomic layer deposition method, so that the binding force between the sub-nano-scale ion conduction improvement layer and silicon particles and an ion transport channel are increased, and the ion conduction of a vapor deposition silicon-carbon negative electrode material is improved; the polarization of the material is effectively reduced, so that the rate capability of the battery is improved, and the cycling stability of the porous carbon structure battery is improved.

The invention relates to a spinel multi-objective reverse design method based on machine learning and a Bayesian optimization algorithm, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and the design method comprises the steps: firstly extracting related data of a spinel material from a database, and constructing a balanced data set through preprocessing; feature engineering is carried out, a comprehensive feature set is constructed, and key features are reserved; then training a multi-target prediction model through hyper-parameter optimization by using a multi-task gradient elevator model; and finally, integrating to a Bayesian reverse design framework, expanding a design space through a specific encoder, and combining a Gaussian process proxy function and an expected hyper-volume improvement criterion to screen candidate materials meeting conditions and verify performance, thereby completing reverse design optimization. Compared with the prior art, the intelligent and efficient spinel novel multi-target reverse design method can be used for solving the problem of data scarcity, and development of high-performance spinel solar cell materials is accelerated.

The invention provides a silicon-carbon material and a preparation method thereof, a porous carbon substrate, a negative electrode material and a battery, and relates to the technical field of battery materials. The core point provided by the invention is controllable synthesis of the porous carbon substrate in the silicon-carbon material, a phenolic monomer and an aldehyde monomer are polymerized in the presence of a catalyst and a dispersing agent, meanwhile, a doping agent and a pre-carbonized biomass carbon precursor are added into a solution, the phenolic resin formed by polymerization is of a spherical structure, and the silicon-carbon composite material is obtained. Homogeneous doping of elements is completed in the synthesis process, the added biomass carbon precursor is of a blocky structure, matching of carbon-based particles of different structures can better exert respective beneficial effects and complement each other, the battery performance is comprehensively improved, and the battery has excellent cycle performance and conductivity.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery materials, in particular to a diaphragm binder composition, diaphragm binder powder, a diaphragm and a battery. The separator binder composition comprises polymer particles A and polymer particles B, the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer particles A is-10 DEG C or below, the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer particles B is 60 DEG C or above, the average particle size D50 of the polymer particles A is 500 nm or above, and the average particle size D50 of the polymer particles B is 300 nm or below. The diaphragm binder composition provided by the invention not only can effectively bond a pole piece and a diaphragm, but also is helpful for maintaining the uniformity and stability of a coating on the surface of the diaphragm, ensures that the diaphragm has high air permeability and good wettability to an electrolyte, and is helpful for prolonging the cycle life of a battery.

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion battery silicon-carbon coating, in particular to a silicon-carbon composite material, a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, a preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a battery. The preparation method of the silicon-carbon composite material comprises the following steps: S1, mixing porous carbon and a gaseous organic silicon source for reaction under the conditions of 450-550 DEG C and 100-200 kPa; s2, under the condition of 500-800 DEG C, carrying out carbon coating on the product obtained in the step S1 by using a carbon source to obtain a silicon-carbon composite material; the flow velocity of the gaseous organic silicon source is 12-30L / min. The silicon-carbon composite material provided by the invention has good conductivity, and the subsequently prepared silicon-carbon negative electrode material and battery material have good electrochemical performance.

The invention relates to an electrochemical impedance acquisition method based on a time sequence model and an electrochemical impedance model. The method comprises the following steps: constructing an experimental test matrix taking a battery material system, temperature, SOC and the like as variables; performing charging and discharging test on the battery according to the experimental test matrix; after the battery stands, current excitation is applied through an electrochemical workstation, real electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data are obtained, parameter identification is carried out, and a model training label is extracted; extracting features of the process data of the charging and discharging test, and constructing an electrochemical impedance data set; based on a time sequence pre-training basic model, training by utilizing the electrochemical impedance data set to obtain an electrochemical impedance model; and predicting the electrochemical impedance spectrum of the battery to be detected by adopting the trained electrochemical impedance model. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the time sequence large model and the electrochemical impedance model are combined, efficient acquisition and accurate analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectrum are realized, and the method has wide application potential in real-time monitoring and dynamic application environments.

The invention discloses a porous carbon material, a preparation method thereof and a battery, and belongs to the field of battery materials. The particle size D50 of the porous carbon material is 4-25 [mu] m, the specific surface area measured by a multi-point BET method is 1000-2500m < 2 > / g, and the total pore volume is 0.5-1.2 cm < 3 > / g. The porous carbon material has the particle size, the specific surface area and the total pore volume in the range, has good structural stability, is beneficial to silicon deposition, improves the structural stability of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material after silicon deposition, and improves the capacity and the cycle performance.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a prussian blue material, and belongs to the field of battery materials.The preparation method of the prussian blue material comprises the following steps that S1, a solution containing ferrocyanide is prepared to serve as a raw material A, a solution containing transition metal salt is prepared to serve as a raw material B, a to-be-doped solution C containing alkali metal ions is prepared, the method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a to-be-doped solution C containing transition metal ions, S2, adding a base solution into a container, continuously adding the raw material A and the raw material B into the base solution, and stirring and mixing to form a precipitate, and S3, in the precipitation process, continuously adding the to-be-doped solution C into the raw material A and continuously adding the to-be-doped solution D into the raw material B until the precipitation is finished to obtain the Prussian blue material. According to the invention, the moisture resistance, the rate capability and the cycle stability of the Prussian blue material are greatly improved.

The present application belongs to the technical field of battery materials. Disclosed are a doped iron (III) phosphate, a method for preparing same, and use thereof. The chemical formula of the doped iron (III) phosphate is (MnxFe1−x)@FePO4·2H2O, wherein 0<x<1. According to the present application, ferromanganese phosphate is used as a template agent for preparing the doped iron (III) phosphate. The doped iron (III) phosphate is regular in morphology and good in fluidity, facilitates washing and conveying, and can improve the electrochemical performance of the subsequently prepared LiFePO4 / C. When the doping amount of Mn is 11000 ppm, the specific discharge capacity of LiFePO4 / C at room temperature at 0.1 C rate can reach 165 mAh / g; the retention rate of the discharge capacity of 1000 cycles at 45° C. at 1 C rate can reach 97.4%; and at a low temperature of −15° C. the specific discharge capacity at 0.1 C rate is still 134 mAh / g.

The invention provides a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate and a secondary battery, and belongs to the field of battery materials, the average particle size of primary particles of the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material is 250-330 nm, and the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material comprises first particles and second particles; the particle size of the first particles is less than or equal to 200nm, and the number ratio of the first particles is 35-45%; the second particles meet the following conditions: the particle size is greater than or equal to 1 mu m, and the quantity ratio is 1-5%; the second particle has a columnar structure, and the ratio of the length to the width of the columnar structure is (1.7-6): 1. According to the invention, the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material with high compaction density and excellent discharge performance can be obtained.

The invention discloses a battery material combination method and device and a computer storage medium, and relates to the technical field of new energy materials, and the method comprises the steps: generating one or more groups of candidate material combinations based on battery material data; extracting attribute features of the candidate material combination, and converting the attribute features into feature vectors; and inputting the feature vector into a pre-trained prediction model to obtain a performance prediction result of the candidate material combination. According to the method, the candidate material combination is generated, and the performance of the candidate material combination is predicted by using the prediction model, so that efficient screening and safety performance prediction of the battery material combination are realized, the research and development efficiency of the battery material is remarkably improved, and meanwhile, the selection range of the battery material combination is also expanded.

The invention belongs to the field of battery materials, and discloses a high-entropy high-nickel positive electrode material which comprises a base material LiNixCoyMzO2, a base further comprises a lithium-site doping element and a nickel-site doping element, the surface of the base is coated with an island-shaped coating layer, and the island-shaped coating layer is a nano metal oxide layer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a high-nickel hydroxide precursor, a lithium source, a compound containing an element A and a compound containing an element B, carrying out two-stage sintering, mixing with a metal oxide containing an element C and a metal oxide containing an element D, and sintering to obtain the high-entropy high-nickel positive electrode material. Lithium doping in a bulk phase of the high-entropy high-nickel positive electrode material can improve the electronic conductivity of a single crystal material, increase the interlayer spacing of transition metal and inhibit lithium and nickel positive ions from being mixed, and nickel doping can improve the structural stability and thermal stability of the material, inhibit irreversible phase change of H2-H3 and stabilize lattice oxygen of the material; the doping modification of the two sites further improves the performance of the material.

The invention discloses a deep eutectic gel electrolyte as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of battery materials. The deep eutectic gel electrolyte is prepared from the polymerizable deep eutectic solvent and an initiator. Wherein the polymerizable deep eutectic solvent is obtained by mixing and heating the following independently stored components: a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor, wherein the hydrogen bond acceptor is a metal salt; the hydrogen bond donor is butanedinitrile and a polymerizable monomer. The preparation method of the deep eutectic gel electrolyte comprises the following steps: mixing the raw materials under a certain temperature condition, fully stirring to obtain a gel electrolyte precursor solution, and initiating polymerization under an illumination condition to obtain the deep eutectic gel electrolyte. The gel electrolyte prepared by the method has relatively high ionic conductivity and a relatively wide electrochemical stability window, and the cycle life of a symmetric battery and a total battery assembled by the deep eutectic gel electrolyte is obviously prolonged. Meanwhile, the quasi-solid-state sodium-ion battery and the lithium-ion battery prepared by the method are simple in technological process, and commercial production is easy to realize.

The invention provides an energy storage system battery life real-time evaluation method, medium and system, and belongs to the technical field of energy storage system data processing, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the voltage, current, temperature, internal resistance and other data of an energy storage system battery in real time, carrying out the multivariate empirical mode decomposition of the voltage and current data, and obtaining the steady state and change data. And in combination with the physical and chemical reaction equation set of the battery, calculating to obtain a recession characteristic matrix of the battery material. Meanwhile, a battery internal environment characteristic matrix is established, and a comprehensive characteristic matrix of the battery is obtained through fusion operation of the two. And inputting the matrix into a pre-trained battery loss evaluation model, calculating battery loss indexes such as an electrode material structure loss rate, an electrolyte decomposition loss rate, a solid electrolyte interface film growth rate, an active substance loss rate and a capacity fading rate, and evaluating the remaining service life of the battery. The technical problem that it is difficult to evaluate the health state and the remaining service life of the battery online in real time in the prior art is solved.

The invention provides a solid-state battery performance testing method and system, and relates to the technical field of battery performance testing. According to the method, pressure is applied to the solid-state battery, the pressure value is gradually changed, in-situ CT imaging detection and electrochemical performance detection are carried out on the solid-state battery in the pressure change process, and coupling analysis is carried out on the pressure value, CT image information and electrochemical parameters; the mutual relation and evolution rule among the pressure value, the CT image information and the electrochemical parameters are summarized, so that the comprehensive performance characterization of the battery under different pressure conditions is realized, and more comprehensive and accurate data support is provided for deeply understanding the performance evolution of the battery in the actual use process; the internal relation between the internal structure change of the battery and the electrochemical performance can be disclosed, and an important theoretical basis and a guidance direction are provided for the optimization design of a battery material and the improvement of the battery performance.

The invention relates to the field of battery materials, in particular to a preparation method and application of a modified porous carbon material for nano silicon CVD (chemical vapor deposition). According to the invention, the non-porous two-dimensional lamellar material is self-assembled on the porous carbon material, so that the modified porous carbon material for CVD deposition of nano-silicon is obtained, when high-speed carrier gas passes through the surface of the porous carbon material, the two-dimensional lamellar material on the surface of the porous carbon material is stressed intensively, and is not dispersed due to a pore channel structure on the surface of the porous carbon material; therefore, under the same fluidization condition, the modified porous carbon material shows better fluidization characteristics, deposition of nano silicon is more uniform after silane or organic gas is subsequently introduced, the content of floating silicon on the surface is extremely low, silicon enrichment can be reduced while the capacity of the negative electrode material is ensured, and the service life of the negative electrode material is prolonged. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of the obtained nano silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material is more prominent, and the performance stability of negative electrode materials produced in different batches is also good.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery materials, and discloses an O2-phase lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode and a battery. The chemical formula of the O2-phase lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode material is LiaNabCocMdAeO2-fXf, M and / or A are selected from any one or more of Mg, Al, W, Ti, La, Zr, Y, Ni, Mn, K and Te, a is larger than or equal to 0.9 and smaller than or equal to 1, b is larger than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 0.01, c is larger than or equal to 0.95 and smaller than or equal to 1, d is larger than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 0.05, e is larger than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 0.01, and f is larger than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 0.01. Under the synergistic effect of the doped and coated elements (M and A elements), the positive electrode material not only can reduce the existence of polycrystals and twin crystals, improve the interlayer spacing, reduce the content of residual Na and stabilize the bulk phase structure, but also can improve the stability of an interface and inhibit the generation of side reactions of the interface.

The invention provides a three-junction quantum well solar cell epitaxial structure and a manufacturing method thereof, the three-junction quantum well solar cell epitaxial structure comprises a substrate serving as a first sub-cell, a first tunnel junction, a second sub-cell, a second tunnel junction and a third sub-cell which are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, and the three sub-cells are connected through the tunnel junctions; wherein the first sub-cell is a Ge cell, the second sub-cell is an InGaAs cell, the third sub-cell is a GaInP / AlGaInP quantum well cell, the third sub-cell comprises a (Al < x > 1 < Ga < 1-x > 1 < y > 1 < In < 1-y > 1 < P) back field layer, a quantum well base region, a (Al < x > 4 < Ga < 1-x > 4 < y > 4 < In < 1-y > 4 < P) emitter region and an Al < x > 5 < In < 1-y > 5 window layer which are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, the quantum well base region is composed of a Ga < x > 2 < In < 1-x > 2 layer and a (Al < x > 3 < Ga < 1-x > 3 < y > 3 < In < 1 x is larger than or equal to 0.5 and smaller than or equal to 0.8, y is larger than or equal to 0.5 and smaller than or equal to 0.8, y is equal to 0.5, the GaInP / AlGaInP quantum well structure is used for replacing a traditional AlGaInP material to serve as a top cell material, the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell is increased, and meanwhile the defect that the short-circuit current of the AlGaInP / GaAs / Ge solar cell is insufficient is overcome.

The invention discloses a diaphragm as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. The diaphragm comprises a base membrane and a coating coated on at least one side surface of the base membrane, the coating comprises an inorganic adhesive and inorganic particles; the coating contains crystals formed by an inorganic adhesive; the crystals at least comprise needle-shaped crystal whiskers, part of the crystals jointly form a crystal whisker group, and the rest of the crystals are located among the inorganic particles; the inorganic adhesive comprises M2O.nSiO2 with the mass being 1%-35% of the mass of inorganic particles in the coating, M comprises at least one of Na, K and Li, and n is larger than or equal to 1 and smaller than or equal to 4. The diaphragm has good stability and durability at a high temperature, has relatively high peel strength, wettability, ionic conductivity, puncture strength and air permeability, and can ensure that the battery still can operate safely and efficiently at a high temperature. The preparation method of the diaphragm is simple, is easy for industrial large-scale preparation, and has a relatively good industrial prospect.

The invention provides an electrode plate, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. The electrode pole piece comprises a current collector and an active layer arranged on the surface of at least one side of the current collector, materials of the active layer comprise an active material, a conductive agent, a fibration binder and a pore forming agent, and the pore forming agent is at least partially dispersed in micropores of the fibration binder; and the pore forming agent comprises LiFSi and / or LiPO2F2. The introduced pore-forming agent can occupy space in the active layer, at least part of the pore-forming agent can enter micropores of the fibration binder, entering of the conductive agent is reduced, more conductive agent makes contact with the active particles, when the electrode plate is wound into a roll core and then injected, the pore-forming agent can be dissolved in electrolyte, micropores are formed in the original positions, and the pore-forming agent can be dissolved in the electrolyte. The porosity of the electrode plate is increased, the infiltration of electrolyte and the transmission of lithium ions are facilitated, and the cycle and fast charge performance of the battery can be improved.

The invention provides a surface modified carbon fiber as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. Physical or chemical treatment on the surface of the carbon fiber is realized by performing one or more of accurate plasma treatment, chemical etching, coupling agent treatment and nano particle deposition on the surface of the carbon fiber, so that functional groups are introduced or a rough nano structure is formed; a functional layer with a specific functional group and a rough structure which are beneficial to attachment of positive electrode material slurry are formed on the surface of the carbon fiber, and then a stable and well-attached surface modified layer is obtained through heat treatment, so that the surface modified carbon fiber is prepared. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the surface roughness and the functional group richness can be improved on the premise that the mechanical property of the fiber is not obviously damaged, so that the adhesiveness and the electrical property of the positive electrode material slurry are enhanced, and a foundation is laid for the preparation of a carbon fiber positive electrode material and a structure-energy storage integrated composite structure.

The invention discloses a method for preparing high-quality iron phosphate in a short process, and belongs to the field of battery material manufacturing. The method comprises the following steps: dissolving iron powder with phosphoric acid to prepare a ferrous phosphate solution, then transferring the solution into a pressurized reaction kettle, blowing high-speed oxygen to oxidize ferrous phosphate into ferric phosphate, adding ammonia water to control the pH value to be 1.5-2.0, and carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain the water-containing amorphous ferric phosphate, after washing is finished, a water-containing material is fed into a muffle furnace to be subjected to stepped calcination, dehydration and crystal transformation are completed, and the alpha monoclinic system iron phosphate is obtained. The method provided by the invention is short in process flow and low in energy consumption, the oxidant is easy to obtain and safe, the particle size uniformity of reaction materials is good, and the prepared iron phosphate is uniform in particle size, regular in structure and stable in iron-phosphorus ratio and is a high-quality precursor material.

The invention belongs to the technical field of battery material preparation, and particularly relates to a coated negative electrode material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The coated negative electrode material comprises a porous carbon skeleton and a carbon coating layer coating the porous carbon skeleton, the porous carbon skeleton is provided with a plurality of holes; a silicon layer and a functional layer are attached to the surfaces of part of the holes; the silicon layer comprises silicon, the functional layer comprises a functional material, and the functional material comprises lithium aluminum fluoride. The coated negative electrode material provided by the invention has the properties of low expansion, high lithium ion conduction, few byproducts and the like, and is suitable for a solid battery; the battery energy density is ensured, and the problems that an effective lithium ion path cannot be formed due to contact failure of an active substance caused by high volume expansion of a silicon-based material in the circulation process and contact failure of the active material and a solid electrolyte in a solid-state battery, and performance degradation is caused by negative electrode side polarization increase in the circulation process are solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a material mixing uniformity determination method and a material mixing uniformity detection system.The material mixing uniformity detection system is provided with a dispersion system, a robot and imaging equipment, so that a sample dispersion image of a battery material can be obtained on line in the production process of the battery material; further utilizing computer equipment to perform feature extraction on the acquired dispersed image of the sample to obtain an image feature set, then inputting the image feature set into the trained neural network model to obtain particle features of the dispersed image, and finally obtaining the uniformity of the sample according to the particle features. Therefore, the mixing uniformity can be detected on line in the production process of the battery material, and the production efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a topological optimization method and device for a continuous fiber periodic unit cell structure, and relates to the technical field of continuous fiber reinforced composite 3D printing. Determining the configuration of the selected periodic unit cell structure; constructing a feature component in a design domain of a periodic unit cell, performing projection on a fiber angle to calculate an elastic matrix, and determining a weight coefficient in an overlapping region based on a component level set function so as to solve an equivalent elastic matrix; solving the equivalent elastic property of the periodic unit cells of the fiber reinforced composite material; constructing a unit constitutive matrix in an interpolation format; constructing a periodic unit cell structure topological optimization model by taking the flexibility as a target function; calculating the derivative of the flexibility about the design variable formed by the artificial density of the alternative unit cell material, and carrying out sensitivity filtering treatment; optimization iterative analysis is carried out under different working conditions, and the convergence degree of an optimization result is evaluated by using an inequality relation. The problem of how to further improve the mechanical performance of the periodic unit cell structure is solved.

The invention provides a silicon carbon material with a multilayer coating structure and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of battery materials. The silicon-carbon material with the multi-layer coating structure comprises a porous carbon core body, and a first carbon layer and a second carbon layer which sequentially coat the porous carbon core body from inside to outside, and the porous carbon core body comprises porous carbon and nano silicon particles deposited on the surface and in pore channels of the porous carbon; and a conductive nano carbon filler is dispersed in the second carbon layer. The silicon carbon material with the multilayer coating structure provided by the invention is used as a lithium ion battery negative electrode material, and has excellent specific capacity, coulombic efficiency and cycle performance. The result of the embodiment shows that when the silicon carbon material with the multi-layer coating structure is applied to the lithium ion battery, the first reversible capacity is 1882-2071 mAh / g, the first coulombic efficiency is 92.6-94.1%, and the capacity retention ratio of 100 cycles is 95.3-97.7%.

The present invention relates to the field of battery materials, and provides a lithium manganate cathode material coated with lithium triborate and a preparation method thereof. The cathode material is a porous lithium manganate / lithium triborate composite electrode material, which includes porous lithium manganate with a highly connected directional columnar pore structure and a lithium triborate coating covering the pore surface, with a mass ratio of (86.0~92.0):(8.0~14.0), a coating thickness of 600~800 nm, a pore diameter of 45~95 μm, and a porosity of 65~78%. The preparation method includes: preparing a precursor colloidal solution by the sol-gel method, obtaining porous lithium manganate through low-temperature freezing molding and freeze-drying, and forming a cathode substrate through pre-oxidation and high-temperature sintering; subsequently, using vacuum-assisted impregnation, ultrasound, and nitrogen pressure to promote the penetration of the lithium triborate precursor solution, and forming a uniform coating layer through gradient drying and annealing treatment. The present invention significantly improves the crystal structure stability of the cathode material, inhibits manganese dissolution, improves the cycle life and rate performance, and has wide application value.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to separate ferromagnetic impurities from bulk battery materials. In an illustrative example, a ferromagnetic impurity separation system (FISS) may receive a sample vessel including an enclosed sample of bulk battery materials. The FISS, for example, may include a variable magnetic flux generator (e.g., an electromagnet) disposed at a position separated from the sample vessel. The FISS may also include an agitation unit having a translational motor and a rotational motor configured to rotate the sample vessel about a central axis, and to translate a position of the central axis of the sample vessel. For example, in an operation mode, the variable magnetic flux generator and the agitation unit may apply a predetermined magnetic flux, a predetermined angular velocity and a predetermined velocity to the sample vessel. Various embodiments may advantageously separate ferromagnetic impurities from the enclosed sample concisely without contaminating the sample.

The invention relates to the technical field of solar cell materials, and provides a hole transport material and a preparation method thereof, a solar cell, a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic device. The molecular structure general formula of the hole transport material is as shown in formula I. In the formula I, R1 comprises an acidic group; n is a natural number between 1 and 5; when n is 1, R2 is the same as R1, and when n is 2-5, R2 is hydrogen or is the same as R1. The hole transport material provided by the invention adopts an organic compound with a specific structure, the organic compound is a dendritic molecule formed by taking triphenylamine as a structural unit, and multiple active sites are modified on a pi conjugate surface of the molecule by adopting an acidic group, so that the wettability of the hole transport material can be increased, and the structural stability of the hole transport material can be improved; and a plurality of pi conjugate surfaces which are parallel to each other and parallel to the substrate can be formed, so that the stability of the solar cell is improved while good hole transmission capability is ensured, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is further improved.