58 results about "Function generator" patented technology

The invention relates to a Rydberg atomic communication receiving system and method based on AT split peak value analysis, and belongs to the technical field of quantum communication. The system comprises a detection laser, a coupling laser, an AOM / EOM, a function generator, a high-frequency signal generator, a cesium atom gas chamber, a photoelectric detector, a lock-in amplifier, a data acquisition module and a microwave signal output module. The AOM / EOM modulates the frequency of the detection laser; the microwave signal output module generates an AM modulation microwave signal and transmits the AM modulation microwave signal to the cesium atom gas chamber, so that the target Rydberg state atoms generate an AT splitting effect to calibrate system parameters; the photoelectric detector and the lock-in amplifier obtain a first harmonic component based on the transmission light. During communication, the system is arranged in a microwave electric field received by communication, and the data acquisition and processing module outputs AM modulation microwave signals received by the recovered cesium atom gas chamber based on calibrated system parameters and phase locking. The method solves the problem of signal distortion existing in EIT-AT direct communication transmission and the problem of tedious operation of a heterodyne method.

The invention relates to a message mapping-based generative implicit representation steganography method, which comprises the following steps of: representing multimedia data by using an implicit neural representation technology, and converting the multimedia data into uniform point cloud data for message embedding; a secret message needing to be embedded is expressed in a binary mode and then converted into noise data through mapping, the noise data are input into a function generator to be subjected to message embedding, a message extractor is used for extracting the noise data, and the secret-containing message is recovered through inverse mapping; the function generator and the message extractor are obtained through training of a training set; in a message embedding process, a noise space of the function generator applies a single-bit and multi-bit message mapping scheme to embed noise data; in a noise extraction process, a message extractor extracts noise data by setting a plurality of point convolution layers and a full connection layer. According to the method, multimedia data of different sizes can be received, the robustness is good, the message extraction accuracy reaches the baseline level, and the method also has the advantage in the quality of the generated secret-containing carrier.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a sensing apparatus. The sensing apparatus includes a biochip unit and a receptacle device. The biochip unit includes a reservoir configured to receive a predetermined amount of an analyte, a plurality of working electrodes configured to be in contact with the analyte, a reference electrode and a counter electrode configured to complete an electrical circuit with the plurality of working electrodes. The receptacle device includes a receptacle unit configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the biochip unit, a function generator electrically coupled to the receptacle unit, a memory unit configured to store machine-readable instructions, and a processor operably connected to the memory unit. The processor is enabled by the machine-readable instructions to determine a plurality of deduced values corresponding to a plurality of analyte parameters of the analyte from the plurality of observed values of the plurality of predetermined parameters.

The utility model relates to the technical field of integrated circuit testing, and particularly discloses an integrated circuit experiment testing device which comprises a shell. A microcontroller, and a digital oscilloscope, a function generator, a digital logic analyzer, a pattern generator, a virtual digital I / O interface, a front PCB panel and a plurality of test interfaces which are electrically connected with the microcontroller are arranged in the shell; the front end of the shell is provided with a voltage acquisition interface, a current acquisition interface, a display screen and a plurality of voltage output ports which are electrically connected with the front PCB panel, the bottom of the shell is provided with an air inlet, a cooling fan is arranged above the air inlet, and the middle part of the shell is provided with a middle air outlet. According to the utility model, a plurality of instruments and meters are integrated to carry out experimental testing, so that the device is convenient to operate and overhaul, smaller in size and small in occupied space, meets the requirement of carrying out rapid testing in a limited space, and is suitable for design, simulation, manufacturing and testing of integrated circuits and related experimental teaching and scientific research activities.

This invention relates to an image processing-based phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer and signal demodulation method and system, comprising: a laser, an electro-optic modulator, an arbitrary function generator, a first circulator, a filter, a first erbium-doped fiber amplifier, a bandpass filter, a semiconductor optical amplifier, a second erbium-doped fiber amplifier, a second circulator, an optical fiber under test, a photodetector, and a data acquisition card. The method of this invention facilitates high-precision demodulation over a wide range of strain or temperature conditions with high spatial resolution. This method combines image block matching and image denoising. Image block matching utilizes multiple frequency and spatial location information, improving demodulation accuracy when strain or temperature changes are large and helping to expand the measurement range. The image denoising method denoises the matched function image, reducing random noise in the system and improving demodulation accuracy at high spatial resolution.

The invention discloses a phase coding optoelectronic oscillator with an adjustable duty ratio and an implementation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of photoelectricity. The optoelectronic oscillator comprises a laser, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, a single-mode fiber, a photoelectric detector, an electric amplifier, an electric band-pass filter and an electric power divider which are connected in sequence; a direct current port of the intensity modulator is connected with the function generator, one path of the electric power divider serves as output, and the other path is connected with a radio frequency port of the intensity modulator; the output voltage of the preset function generator jumps between the two linear bias points and the minimum bias point of the Mach-Zehnder modulator, so that the direct output of the phase-coded microwave signal with the adjustable duty ratio is realized. According to the invention, the coherence of the phase coding microwave signal is good, the phase noise is low, the duty ratio is adjustable, the coding flexibility is high, the structure is simple, and the equipment cost is low.

This invention proposes a random microwave pulse generation system and method based on an optoelectronic oscillator, belonging to the field of microwave photonic signal generation and processing technology. The system includes a laser, a polarization controller, a closed-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) loop, a random fiber grating string, and a function generator; wherein the closed-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) loop mainly consists of a Mach-Zehnder modulator, a circulator, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, a photodetector, an electrical amplifier, and a directional coupler.

The invention discloses a multi-frequency point calibration test method and system for 0-10 Hz ultralow frequency magnetic field immunity. The method comprises the steps of system building, single frequency point reference calibration, test execution and exception handling. When the system is built, the hardware modules are connected according to a specific mode; in the calibration stage, references are established for frequency points of 2Hz, 4Hz, 6Hz and 8Hz; during testing, precise field intensity control and data recording are realized through combination of coarse adjustment and fine adjustment; and verifying the probe position when abnormity occurs. The system comprises an arbitrary function generator, a power amplifier, a radiation ring and a gauss meter, and parameters of each module are adaptive to a frequency band of 0-10Hz. The field intensity larger than or equal to 1000 A / m can be stably generated, the testing precision is improved, the 0-10 Hz frequency band standard testing blank is filled, and the device is suitable for electronic equipment testing in the fields of industrial automation, new energy automobiles and the like.

The application provides a Fe3O4 nanoparticle microscopic imaging detection method based on left and right polarization modulation, belongs to the technical field of photothermal science and detection and signal processing, and solves the problems that current nanometer single particles are difficult to observe and physical and chemical characteristics are difficult to obtain, and specifically comprises the following steps: determining a sample to be detected and preparing a slide sample; starting a computer, a data acquisition card, a lock-in amplifier, a galvanometer controller and a function generator; starting a power supply of an excitation light and a detection light laser and a refrigerator; setting detection parameters, setting laser power / current parameters, setting modulation parameters, and scanning and detecting the sample to be detected; loading a magnetic field; reading signals from the data acquisition card by the computer to obtain a photothermal detection result image; changing different laser parameters and the size of the magnetic field, repeating the above steps, obtaining a circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism detection result, measuring a magnetization curve, and monitoring a single nanoparticle magnetic moment flipping process.

A method of laser-based high temperature mechanical property characterization comprising the steps of providing a mechanical test frame and chamber, loading a specimen in the mechanical test frame in the chamber, providing a laser, aligning the laser, sealing the chamber, evacuating 5 the chamber and optionally backfilling with a prescribed atmosphere, turning on the laser, applying mechanical loading to the specimen in the mechanical test frame, utilizing a load cell and a non-contact video extensometer, synchronizing the output of the load cell and non-contact video extensometer, and tracking the strain in the specimen. A device for laser-based high temperature mechanical property characterization comprising a vacuum chamber with a laser 10 transmissible window and viewing window, a vacuum pump, a uniaxial tensile system inside the vacuum chamber, a thermocouple inside the vacuum chamber, laser optics inside the vacuum chamber, a function generator, a laser source, an IR camera, and a video camera.

The invention relates to the technical field of electronic components, in particular to a diode full-automatic test system and a performance test method, and the system comprises a test management server, a programmable test resource array, a feeding and discharging and positioning module and a test station. The test management server is a central processing unit, carries test management software and is responsible for formulating a test process, scheduling and distributing test tasks, centrally storing and managing test data and generating a test report; the programmable test resource array is in communication connection with the test management server, and the programmable test resource array comprises a programmable direct current power supply, a programmable electronic load, a high-precision digital multimeter, a programmable function generator and a multiplexing switch matrix. According to the invention, qualitative leap of efficiency, precision and reliability is realized in production inspection, quality evaluation and sorting links of diodes.

A method includes obtaining a first input instance and a first class corresponding to the first input instance, from an input instance dataset. The method further includes calculating a probability distance score based on a set of probability values by a distance function generator to transform the first input instance. The method further includes processing the first input instance and the probability distance score by a counterfactuals generator to generate a counterfactual instance. The method further includes executing a machine learning model to process the counterfactual instance and assign a second class, different from the first class, to the counterfactual instance.

The invention belongs to the technical field of current collection line monitoring, and relates to a current collection line on-line fault positioning method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a plurality of to-be-monitored lines and corresponding line monitoring points; obtaining a line body temperature value and a line environment temperature value of the to-be-monitored line; obtaining a line temperature fault coefficient and a line abnormal monitoring point; obtaining a line current value of the to-be-monitored line; obtaining a line current fault coefficient and a line abnormal monitoring point; obtaining the fault anomaly degree of the line anomaly monitoring point; monitoring point fault signals are obtained through a function generator; acquiring the signal transmission distance of the fault signal of the monitoring point; and obtaining a line abnormal monitoring point position. The position of the abnormal monitoring point of the line is obtained through the line body temperature value, the line environment temperature value, the line current value and the set position of the fault receiving point, and the problems that an existing current collection line is low in fault positioning accuracy and the fault degree is not known are solved.

The invention discloses a photon logic gate which comprises (1) electromagnetic waves; (2) lookup table electromagnetic waves which are used as carriers for transmitting data, data addresses and control signals of logic operation and are used for transmitting at least one of the data, the data addresses and the control signals; the carrier signal of the electromagnetic wave comprises at least one of millimeter wave, centimeter wave, sub-6GHz and optical fiber; carrier signals of electromagnetic waves are determined based on application scenarios of the electromagnetic waves, the lookup table is a table based on an internal memory (RAM), corresponding data or results can be quickly obtained through various corresponding truth tables in the lookup table, and an important function of the lookup table is to be used as a logic function generator and a logic function generator. Essentially, the logic function generator stores the content of a truth table, the truth table is obtained through a Boolean expression, the truth tables of various logic gates or combinational logic are filled into an internal memory RAM, and the internal memory RAM has the capability of performing operation according to the logic gates or combinational logic functions. Therefore, when a signal is input for logical operation, the operation that an address is input for table look-up, content corresponding to the address is found out and then output is carried out, and then complex logical operation is completed through repeated transmitting, receiving and processing. The method is a technology for processing information by using electromagnetic waves as a carrier, has the advantages of large bandwidth, low time delay, low power consumption and the like, and can exponentially improve the efficiency of logical operation.

The application discloses a kind of metal material rigidity measurement system and method based on intensity-modulated laser ultrasonic, and the measurement system includes: function generator, intensity-modulated laser, probe laser, lock-in amplifier and PC computer;The function generator is used to generate modulation signal and synchronization signal;Intensity-modulated laser is used to output modulation laser according to the modulation signal, and acts on the metal to be detected;The probe laser is used to detect the modulation ultrasonic signal generated by the metal to be detected;The lock-in amplifier is used to obtain the amplitude and phase information of modulation ultrasonic signal according to the modulation ultrasonic signal and synchronization signal;The PC computer is used to obtain the rigidity information of metal material according to the amplitude and phase information of modulation ultrasonic signal.The application is used to solve the destructive measurement problem of traditional method, and proposes the resonance response characteristic frequency of modulation ultrasonic to obtain the mechanical parameter of sample.

A signal processing system for adjusting an audio signal, the signal processing system configured to: receive an audio signal for adjustment at a signal input; at a function generator, receive a selection of a musical key and scale, the musical key and scale including musical notes, and generate an audio signal processing function, configured to adjust the amplitude of frequencies of an audio signal, the audio signal processing function being dependent on the selected musical key and scale; apply the generated audio signal processing function to the received audio signal to generate an adjusted audio signal; and, output the adjusted audio signal at a signal output.

The invention discloses a distributed multi-parameter sensing system and method combined with an optical transceiving integrated chip, and relates to the field of distributed optical fiber sensing, and the system comprises a temperature control optical transceiving assembly, an arbitrary waveform function generator, an upper computer, a multi-channel data acquisition instrument, an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, a circulator and a sensing optical fiber. The temperature control light transmitting-receiving assembly comprises a semiconductor temperature controller and a light transmitting-receiving integrated chip; the optical transceiver integrated chip comprises a tungsten copper substrate, a thin film circuit, an output single-mode fiber, a semiconductor amplifier chip, a semiconductor laser chip, an avalanche photoelectric detector chip, a photon lead waveguide structure and an input single-mode fiber. Through optical transceiver chip integration, a cooperative control structure and a related signal processing algorithm, distributed sensing with compact structure, multi-parameter synchronous decoupling and high precision coexistence is realized.

The application discloses a kind of reinforced leaching high indium-containing waste device and method, belong to the technical field of recycling valuable metal.The application solves the problem that high indium-containing waste is easy to sink bottom by changing the stirring system of leaching indium, comprising the following steps: I.high indium-containing waste is transported to chemical reactor, and hydrochloric acid is added according to liquid-solid ratio;II.water bath system is used to heat the chemical reactor, open the nonlinear stirring system, and output function to frequency converter through function generator, realize the control of nonlinear stirring system, while opening the air injection system;III.after leaching is completed, water bath system, nonlinear stirring system and air injection system are closed, and leaching solution is separated from leaching residue.The leaching rate of indium in the stirring system of the application can reach 92%-98%, the power range is 0.001w-0.00174w, and the energy consumption is reduced by 50%-65%.

The invention discloses a physical unimitated function generator. The physical unimitated function generator comprises a conductive pattern, an insulating layer, a plurality of wires and a through hole array, the conductive pattern is disposed on the substrate. The insulating layer is disposed on the substrate to cover the conductive pattern. A plurality of wires are disposed on the insulating layer. The via array is disposed in the insulating layer and includes a first via group and a plurality of second via groups. The first via group overlaps the conductive pattern and includes a plurality of first vias electrically connected to the conductive pattern. The plurality of second via groups are respectively overlapped with the plurality of leads and each includes a plurality of second vias electrically connected with the corresponding leads. The second through hole closest to the first through hole in at least one second through hole group in the plurality of second through hole groups comprises an external expansion part electrically connected with the first through hole.

The present application relates to quantum dot light emitting diode (QLED) device characterization technology, in particular to a kind of with quantum dot light emitting diode electroluminescence imaging method.The present application aims to study the relationship between light intensity and dynamic parameter distribution in QLED electroluminescence (EL) process, to guide the preparation optimization of QLED device.The present application successfully realizes the above function by combining function generator with traditional fluorescence imaging system.The innovation of prior art is that function generator is used to generate pulse voltage to excite QLED sample, and fluorescence imaging system is combined to detect the EL imaging of QLED, and the imaging result of EL dynamic parameter is obtained by analysis software fitting.Through the statistics of the spatial distribution of QLED EL dynamic parameter and luminous intensity, the key factors affecting luminous intensity can be identified, thereby effectively guiding the optimization preparation process of QLED device.

The invention discloses a membrane surface pollutant detection device based on an ultrasonic transmission signal and a detection method thereof, and relates to the technical field of membrane separation pollution monitoring, and the membrane surface pollutant detection device comprises an ultrasonic transmitting end and an ultrasonic receiving end which are arranged in a sewage pool and are respectively arranged at two sides of a membrane; the function generator is connected with the ultrasonic transmitting end; the oscilloscope is used for connecting the ultrasonic receiving end with the data processing platform; according to the characteristics of high frequency and short wavelength of ultrasonic waves and the characteristics of higher speed per hour and farther distance when the ultrasonic waves spread in water, the detection device applies the ultrasonic waves to the aspect of membrane surface pollutant detection, so that the detection device can realize lossless and non-contact detection on a membrane, and the detection device also can establish a mapping relation between real-time data and a membrane pollution state, so that the detection accuracy is improved. The detailed condition of membrane pollution can be quickly determined when membrane data is obtained in an ultrasonic transmission mode in the future, and a treatment strategy can be quickly adjusted according to the detailed condition.

The application discloses a kind of gas photoacoustic spectroscopy detection systems with temperature compensation and its detection method, belong to gas detection technical field.The detection system provided by the application includes data processing and acquisition module, double-frequency resonant photoacoustic cell, laser and function generator and the like structure.Two resonant cavities are in the double-frequency resonant photoacoustic cell, two kinds of modulation frequency are generated using function generator to carry out double-frequency modulation to laser, and modulation frequency is set on the two sides of the resonant frequency of two resonant cavities simultaneously.When temperature changes, the resonant frequency drift of two resonant cavities causes photoacoustic signal to present opposite change trend on the two sides of non-resonant frequency, and the drift caused by temperature is offset by superimposing two photoacoustic signals, solve the problem that the photoacoustic signal of traditional photoacoustic cell fluctuates with temperature, significantly improve the stability and signal-to-noise ratio of detection system, greatly expand the application range of photoacoustic spectroscopy technology in the field of gas detection technology under extreme temperature conditions.

This invention relates to an optical frequency domain reflection system and method based on a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The system mainly includes an arbitrary function generator, a laser, a VCO, a single-sideband modulator, an auxiliary interferometer, a main interferometer, and a polarization beam splitter. The arbitrary function generator, laser, VCO, and VSB modulator work together to generate the sweeping light required for measurement. This sweeping light is split into two paths: one path enters the main interferometer as probe light, and the other path enters the auxiliary interferometer to obtain the instantaneous frequency of the probe light. Based on the instantaneous frequency, the signal from the main interferometer is resampled using a one-dimensional interpolation method. This invention uses a low-cost, small-sized VCO as the radio frequency signal generator to generate a sweeping signal with fast frequency modulation performance, and compensates for phase noise caused by the nonlinearity of the sweeping signal by designing the optical path of the auxiliary interferometer and using a linear interpolation algorithm.

The application relates to the technical field of gas detection, and discloses a photoacoustic spectroscopy gas detection device of an F-P cavity. The device forms a new voltage waveform signal by using the waveform voltage signals respectively emitted by a superposition function generator and a lock-in amplifier to provide a driving current for a pump laser, emits pump laser to a Fabry-Perot cavity through the pump laser, emits detection laser to the Fabry-Perot cavity through a fiber circulator, generates an acoustic signal, and processes the acoustic signal through interference in the Fabry-Perot cavity. The interference signal is converted into an electric signal through a photodetector, the electric signal is demodulated into a photoacoustic signal for representing gas concentration through the lock-in amplifier, and the input voltage signal of the detection laser is modulated according to the electric signal feedback through a proportional-integral-derivative controller to tune the wavelength of the detection laser, so that the photoacoustic signal error detected by the lock-in amplifier is minimized, and the sensitivity of the photoacoustic spectroscopy gas detection is improved.

The application discloses a kind of fiber communication sensing integration system based on frequency-sweeping laser, including frequency-sweeping optical carrier generation and intensity modulation transmitting part, same optical fiber transmission part, remote direct detection communication receiving part and coherent Rayleigh backscattering sensing receiving part;The whole system is composed of frequency-sweeping laser, low-speed arbitrary function generator, polarization maintaining fiber coupler, Mach-Zehnder modulator, arbitrary waveform generator, electric amplifier, erbium-doped fiber amplifier, fiber optic circulator, fiber to be measured, adjustable optical attenuator, photodetector, data acquisition equipment one, coherent receiver, data acquisition equipment two.The system of the application is simple in structure, high in system integration degree, simple in communication receiving end structure, improved in communication transmission performance, and flexible optimization in sensing performance, suitable for different communication transmission distance and distributed sensing application scenarios.

The invention discloses a gas photoacoustic spectrum detection system with a temperature compensation function and a detection method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of gas detection. The detection system provided by the invention comprises a data processing and acquisition module, a dual-frequency resonance photoacoustic cell, a laser, a function generator and the like. The double-frequency resonance photoacoustic cell is provided with two resonant cavities, a function generator is utilized to generate two modulation frequencies to perform double-frequency modulation on the laser, and the modulation frequencies are respectively arranged at two sides of the resonant frequencies of the two resonant cavities. When the temperature changes, the resonant frequency drift of the two resonant cavities causes the photoacoustic signals to have opposite change trends on the two sides of the non-resonant frequency, the drift caused by the temperature is counteracted by superposing the two paths of photoacoustic signals, the problem that the photoacoustic signals of a traditional photoacoustic cell fluctuate along with the temperature is solved, the stability and the signal-to-noise ratio of a detection system are remarkably improved, and the detection accuracy is improved. The application range of the photoacoustic spectrometry technology in the technical field of gas detection under the extreme temperature condition is greatly expanded.

Embodiments of the present application provide a chip, a physically unclonable function generator and a chip authentication method. The chip comprises a first magnetic conducting sheet, a die and a second magnetic conducting sheet, the die is arranged on the second magnetic conducting sheet, and the first magnetic conducting sheet is arranged on the die. The size of the first magnetic conducting sheet is greater than the size of a storage array in the die, the storage array comprises a data array and a physically unclonable function array, and the data array is located at the periphery of the physically unclonable function array. The chip is placed in an external magnetic field, and when the external magnetic field causes the second magnetic conducting sheet to reach a magnetic saturation state, the resistance state of part of the storage units in the physically unclonable function array is reversed. The working range of the physically unclonable function array is widened, so that it can work in a stronger external magnetic field.

The invention discloses an ultrasonic acupuncture treatment device, which belongs to the technical field of ultrasonic treatment and comprises a base, a plurality of acupuncture mechanisms are detachably arranged on the base, a holding part is arranged on the top surface of the base, each acupuncture mechanism comprises a shell, a transducer is arranged in the shell and connected with a time relay through a wire, and the time relay is connected with the holding part. The time relay is connected with the variable-frequency ultrasonic function generator through a wire, an amplitude-change pole is arranged at the output end of the transducer, a fixing assembly is arranged below the amplitude-change pole, and an acupuncture needle is detachably arranged on the fixing assembly and connected with the amplitude-change pole. According to the multi-needle synchronous ultrasonic acupuncture and moxibustion device, the multiple acupuncture and moxibustion mechanisms are detachably installed on the base, the physical basis of multi-needle synchronous ultrasonic acupuncture and moxibustion treatment is achieved, systematic improvement is brought to the aspects of operation humanization, treatment parameter precision, energy conduction high efficiency, equipment maintenance economization and the like, and the remarkable practical value and clinical popularization advantages are achieved.

The application relates to a constant-amplitude digital-axial angle converter and a working method thereof. The digital-axial angle converter comprises a zero-crossing comparator, a sine function generator, an angle value register, an angle operation unit, a first multiplier unit, a second multiplier unit, a first digital-analog converter and a second digital-analog converter. The constant-amplitude digital-axial angle converter has no correlation in amplitude between an input reference signal and an output coupling signal, realizes isolation of signal acquisition and signal transmission, guarantees signal transmission, adopts a digital mode to realize the digital-axial angle converter, and improves an analog angle change rate. The application reduces the demand for an analog multiplier, uses more general digital components, reduces cost, reduces an effective link, and greatly improves a digital operation rate by using a table lookup method to calculate sine and cosine values.

The invention belongs to the field of reliability of microelectronic devices, and discloses a power circuit board level application verification system and method.The power circuit board level application verification method comprises the steps that exclusive control software is integrated through an upper computer, a function generator, an oscilloscope and load parameters are set, instruction conversion and driving are completed in cooperation with a lower computer, and various test circuits are arranged in a function switching module; and in combination with precise control of the relay array, various tests such as starting characteristics and surge current are completed, and the comprehensive verification requirement of a power supply device is met. The mainboard is externally connected with an expansion interface to support high and low temperature environment verification, and the system application scene is widened; the load can flexibly switch resistive and constant current types through software or manual operation to adapt to different test conditions. The two-channel oscilloscope collects waveform data in real time and the waveform data are stored by the upper computer, complete data support is provided for subsequent analysis, and convenience, comprehensiveness and data credibility of verification work are integrally improved.