The present invention provides a roundness measurement system, including a round frame, including a vertically extending rotating shaft, a connecting arm extending horizontally and fixed to a point aof the rotating shaft, a measuring arm vertically extending and fixed to a point b of the connecting arm; a sensing device, fixed to a point c of the measuring arm, where the sensing direction is parallel to the connecting arm, to detect a distance M between a sensing end and a surface of the measured circular component in a sensing direction; an inclination angle sensing device is configured to sense an inclination angle theta of the connecting arm relative to a horizontal plane in actual measurement, a data acquisition and conditioning device, communicating with the distance sensing device and the inclination angle sensing device to collect and condition a detection signal to form detection data; a data processing device, receiving the detection data, according to a distance L1 between the point a and the point b, a distance L2 between the point b and the point c, and a distance L3 between the sensing end and the point c, M, and theta, calculating a radial distance N between the sensing end and the surface of the measured circular part when the connecting arm is in a horizontal state at each angle, and calculating a roundness value of the measured circular part according to N byusing a preset procedure.