The invention discloses a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis cobalt-based catalyst using modified silica gel as a carrier. In the catalyst, the silicon gel is used as the carrier, cobalt is used as an active component, two assistants are contained simultaneously, wherein the first assistant is boron, and the second assistant is selected from one or more components of Re, Zr, Hf, Ce, La, Th, Ru, Pt and Pd. The preparation method of the catalyst comprises the following steps of: firstly modifying the silica gel carrier by using a boron-containing alkaline solution, and then loading the second assistant and the active component Co by adopting an infusion method. Compared with the prior art, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis cobalt-based catalyst has the advantage of high Fischer-Tropsch reactivity, and because the carbon number of the product is distributed between C1 and C30, the catalyst has high distillation selectivity between C1 and C30.