Selective Targeting Agents for Mitochondria

a technology of selective targeting and mitochondria, applied in the field of mitochondrial selective targeting agents, can solve the problems of mitochondrial membrane “electron leakage”, apoptosis cell death, and the inability of the cell's natural antioxidants to compensate, so as to and prolong the survival of the patient.

Inactive Publication Date: 2011-02-17
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Description
  • Claims
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AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0028]Yet another embodiment provides a method for delivering antioxidants, such as TEMPO, for example, into cells to mitochondria. Specifically, the peptidyl conjugates comprise a targeting sequence which is recognizable by the mitochondria and also permeable to the mitochondria membrane. The peptidyl conjugate thereby “anchors” the antioxidant “payload” into the mitochondrial membrane whereby the antioxidant acts as an electron scavenger of the ROS present within the membrane. Accordingly, the electron scavenging activity of the antioxidant helps resist mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death.
[0038]Yet another related object of this invention is to prolong the survival of a patient that has suffered hemorrhagic shock and is hypotensive.

Problems solved by technology

Significant deviations from cell homeostasis, such as hemorrhagic shock, lead to an oxidative stress state, thereby causing “electron leakage” from the mitochondrial membrane.
Said “electron leakage” produces an excess amount of ROS for which the cell's natural antioxidants cannot compensate.
This leads to the release of the cytochrome Cinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space, inducing apoptotic cell death.
Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death may ultimately lead to multiple organ failure despite resuscitative efforts or supplemental oxygen supply, see Cairns, C., Rude Unhinging of the Machinery of Life: Metabolic approaches to hemorrhagic Shock, CURRENT CRITICAL CARE, 7:437 (2001).
One of the limitations of SOD is that it cannot easily penetrate the cell membrane.
Selective delivery of a nitroxide SOD mimic into the mitochondrial membrane has proven difficult.
A disadvantage of this metholodology is that it requires cleavage of the peptide sequence in order to release the active agent.
In general, effective levels of administered TEMPO are too high to accomplish therapeutic effects.

Method used

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  • Selective Targeting Agents for Mitochondria
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Examples

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examples

[0101]Materials. All chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise noted. Heparin, ketamine HCl and sodium pentobarbital were from Abbott Laboratories (North Chicago, Ill.). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (“DMEM”) was from BioWhittaker (Walkersville, Md.). Fetal bovine serum (FBS; <0.05 endotoxin units / ml) was from Hyclone (Logan, Utah). Pyrogen-free sterile normal saline solution was from Baxter (Deerfield, Ill.).

[0102]General. An moisture-sensitive reactions were performed using syringe-septum cap techniques under an N2 atmosphere and an glassware was dried in an oven at 150° C. for 2 h prior to use. Reactions carried out at −78° C. employed a CO2-acetone bath. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was distilled over sodium / benzophenone ketyl; CH2Cl2, toluene and Et3N were distilled from CaH2. Me2Zn was purchased from Aldrich Company.

[0103]Reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (“TLC”) analysis (EM Science pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 plates, 250 μm layer th...

synthesis example i

[0105]Prepared as a colorless oil (FIG. 2, compound 1) according to the literature procedure, see Edmonds, M. K. et al. Design and Synthesis of a Conformationally Restricted Trans Peptide Isostere Based on the Bioactive Conformations of Saquinavir and Nelfinavir J. ORG. CHEM. 66:3747 (2001); see also Wipf, P. et al., Convergent Approach to (E)-Alkene and Cyclopropane Peptide Isosteres ORG. LETT. 7:103 (2005); see also Xiao, J. et al., Electrostatic versus Steric Effects in Peptidomimicry: Synthesis and Secondary Structure Analysis of Gramicidin S Analogues with (E)-Alkene Peptide Isosteres J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 127:5742 (2005).

[0106]A solution of 2.20 g (5.52 mmol) of compound 1 (FIG. 2) in 20.0 mL of dry CH2Cl2 was treated at room temperature with 1.85 g (7.17 mmol) of Cp2ZrHCl. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, CH2Cl2 was removed in vacuo and 20.0 mL of toluene was added. The resulting yellow solution was cooled to −78° C. and treated over a period of 30 ...

example i

[0143]Selective delivery of TEMPO to mitochondria could lead to therapeutically beneficial reduction of ROS; therefore, investigation of the use of conjugates of 4-amino-TEMPO (“4-AT”) was explored. In order to selective target the mitochondria, a targeting sequence using the membrane active antibiotic Gramicidin S (“GS”) as well as corresponding alkene isosteres, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Accordingly, using the Gramicidin S peptidyl fragments and alkene isosteres as “anchors,” the TEMPO “payload” could be guided into the mitochondria.

[0144]The Leu-DPhe-Pro-Val-Orn fragment of hemigramicidin was used as a targeting sequence. Alkene isosteres such as (E)-alkene isosteres of Gramicidin S (i.e., hemigramicidin) were used as part of the targeting sequence. See FIG. 3 for the synthetic pathway for (E)-alkene isosteres and compound 3 for the corresponding chemical structure. The (E)-alkene as depicted in compound 2 of FIG. 2 was then oxidized in a multi-step process to yield the compound as...

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Abstract

The present invention provides a composition and related methods for delivering cargo to a mitochondria which includes (a) a membrane active peptidyl fragment having a high affinity with the mitochondria and (b) cargo. The cargo may be selected from a wide variety of desired cargos which are to be delivered to the mitochondria for a specific purpose. Compositions and methods are disclosed for treating an illness that is caused or associated with cellular damage or dysfunction which is caused by excessive mitochondrial production of reaction oxygen species (ROS). Compositions which act as mitochondria-selective targeting agents using the structural signaling of the β-turn recognizable by cells as mitochondria) targeting sequences are discussed. Mitochondria and cell death by way of apoptosis is inhibited as a result of the ROS-scavenging activity, thereby increasing the survival rate of the patient. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions and methods may be administered therapeutically in the field to patients with profound hemorrhagic shock so that survival could be prolonged until it is feasible to obtain surgical control of the bleeding vessels. In further preferred embodiments, the composition for scavenging radicals in a mitochondria membrane includes a radical scavenging agent and a membrane active compound having a high affinity with said mitochondrial membrane and associated methods. In another embodiment, the cargo transported by mitochondrial-selective targeting agents may include an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme activity.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11 / 565,779, filed Dec. 1, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,718,603, issued May 18, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 11 / 465,524 filed Aug. 18, 2006, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Traditional application Ser. No. 11 / 465,162, filed Aug. 17, 2006 which in turn claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60 / 757,054 entitled “Selective Targeting Agents for Mitochondria” filed on Jan. 6, 2006, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.GOVERNMENT SUPPORT[0002]This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. W81XWH-05-2-0026, awarded by DARPA, and Grant No. GM067082, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0003]1. Field of the Invention[0004]The present invention relates to compositions and methods for providing mitoch...

Claims

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Application Information

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Patent Type & Authority Applications(United States)
IPC IPC(8): A61K38/08C07K5/11C07K7/06A61K38/07C12N5/071
CPCA61K31/555A61K31/7034A61K31/7048C07K7/06A61K47/48246C07K5/08C07K5/10A61K47/481A61K31/4468A61K47/55A61K47/64A61K47/54
Inventor WIPF, PETERXIAO, JINGBOFINK, MICHELL P.KAGAN, VALERIAN E.TYURINA, YULIA Y.KANAI, ANTHONY J.
Owner UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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