The present disclosure provides methods, compositions, and systems for evolving
virus-like particles (VLPs) having one or more desired properties such as increased production levels, increased cargo packaging efficiency, and / or increased transduction of particular target
cell types of interest. The present disclosure also provides libraries for use in such methods, and methods for producing the libraries. Group specific
antigen (gag) proteins comprising nucleocapsid
protein variants evolved using the methods described herein are also provided herein. The present disclosure also provides VLPs comprising such gag proteins comprising nucleocapsid
protein variants. Polynucleotides, vectors, cells, and kits useful for performing the methods described herein are also provided.