Method of Enhancing Neural Stem Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Survival Using Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of increasing the number and / or differentiation of neural stem cells and / or neural stem cell progeny using pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). In a preferred embodiment, additional growth factors are also utilized. The present invention can be practiced in vivo and in vitro, rendering it useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease and other neural trauma.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10 / 630,967, filed Jul. 31, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 399,390, filed Jul. 31, 2003. The entire disclosure of each of these priority applications is hereby incorporated by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a method of enhancing proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vivo and in vitro using pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. In a preferred embodiment, additional growth factors are also utilized. The present invention has applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases. REFERENCES [0003] U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,242. [0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,542. [0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,320. [0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,860. [0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,069. [0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,935. [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,623...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0066] Accordingly, a major object of the present invention is to provide both in vivo and in vitro techniques of enhancing neural stem cell proliferation and / or survival and / or differentiation. The present inventors have now found that PACAP can enhance neural stem cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo in embryonic and adult tissue.

[0067] The present invention provides a method for increasing neural stem cell and / or neural stem cell progeny number comprising adding pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) to multipotent neural stem cells in an amount effective to increase neural stem cells and / or neural stem cell progeny number. In one embodiment, PACAP38 is used. In another embodiment, PACAP27 is used. In one embodiment, the number of neural stem cells and / or neural stem cell progeny is increased by enhancing proliferation. In an alternative embodiment, the number of neural stem cells and / or progeny is increased by enhancing survival. In another alternative, the number of neural stem cells and / or progeny is increased by increasing the number of secondary neural stem cells obtained from a primary neural stem cell.

[0071] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of increasing the number of neural stem cells and / or neurospheres comprising adding PACAP to a neural stem cell culture to increase the number of neural stem cells and / or neurospheres generated from the neural stem cell culture. In one embodiment, PACAP38 is used. In another embodiment, PACAP27 is used. In a preferred embodiment, the neural stem cell culture is a primary culture or a clonal density culture. In another embodiment, the method further comprises adding a growth factor to the neural stem cell culture. In a preferred embodiment the growth factor is FGF-2, with or without heparan sulfate. In another preferred embodiment, the growth factor is EGF. In still another preferred embodiment, the growth factor is prolactin.

[0072] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of enhancing proliferation and / or differentiation and / or survival of neural stem cells in a subject comprising administering PACAP to the subject in an amount sufficient to enhance proliferation and / or differentiation and / or survival of neural stem cells. In one embodiment, PACAP38 is used. In another embodiment, PACAP27 is used. In one embodiment, the differentiation into neurons is increased.

Problems solved by technology

While it was previously thought that cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) have little or no ability to undergo mitosis and generate new neurons, recent studies have demonstrated that the mature nervous system does have some limited capability to produce new neurons.

This relative inability to produce new neural cells in most mammals (and especially primates) may be advantageous for long-term memory retention; however, it is a distinct disadvantage when the need to replace lost neuronal cells arises due to an injury or disease.

These diseases, which include Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, have been linked to the degeneration of neuronal cells in particular locations of the CNS, leading to the inability of these cells or the brain region to carry out their intended function.

In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries often result in the loss of neurons, the inappropriate functioning of the affected brain region, and subsequent behavior abnormalities.

This may be due to inappropriate firing of neurons, or the abnormal synthesis, release, and / or processing of neurotransmitters.

Demyelination of central and peripheral neurons occurs in a number of pathologies and leads to improper signal conduction within the nervous system.

Unfortunately, this type of treatment has been fraught with many complications including limited ability to transport drugs across the blood-brain barrier and drug-tolerance acquired by patients to whom these drugs are administered long-term.

In addition, there are a number of side effects associated with levodopa such as increased and uncontrollable movement.

However, there are limitations to this technique as well.

While the studies noted above are encouraging, the use of large quantities of aborted fetal tissue for the treatment of diseases raises ethical considerations and political obstacles.

In addition, there are serious doubts as to whether an adequate and constant supply of fetal tissue would be available for transplantation.

There is also the added problem of the potential for contamination during fetal tissue preparation.

Moreover, the tissue may already be infected with a bacteria or virus, thus requiring expensive diagnostic testing for each fetus used However, even diagnostic testing might not uncover all infected tissue.

For example, the successful diagnosis of HIV-free tissue is not guaranteed because antibodies to the virus are generally not present until several weeks after infection.

While currently available transplantation approaches represent a significant improvement over other available treatments for neurological disorders, they suffer from significant drawbacks.

The inability in the prior art of the transplant to fully integrate into the host tissue, and the lack of availability of neuronal cells in unlimited amounts from a reliable source for grafting are, perhaps, the greatest limitations of neurotransplantation.

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