Membrane supported bioreactor for conversion of syngas components to liquid products

Abstract

Ethanol and other liquid products are produced by contacting syngas components such as CO or a mixture of CO2 and H2 with a surface of a membrane and transferring these components in contact with a biofilm on the opposite side of the membrane. These steps provide a stable system for producing liquid products such as ethanol, butanol and other chemicals. The gas fed on the membrane's gas contact side transports through the membrane to form a biofilm of anaerobic microorganisms that converted the syngas to desired liquid products. The system can sustain production with a variety of microorganisms and membrane configurations.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60 / 942,938 filed Jun. 8, 2007. The entirety of that application is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]This invention relates to the biological conversion of CO and mixtures of CO2 and H2 to liquid products.BACKGROUND[0003]Biofuels production for use as liquid motor fuels or for blending with conventional gasoline or diesel motor fuels is increasing worldwide. Such biofuels include, for example, ethanol and n-butanol. One of the major drivers for biofuels is their derivation from renewable resources by fermentation and bioprocess technology. Conventionally, biofuels are made from readily fermentable carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. For example, the two primary agricultural crops that are used for conventional bioethanol production are sugarcane (Brazil and other tropical countries) and corn or maize (U.S. and other temperate countrie...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0013]It has been found that contacting syngas components such as CO or a mixture of CO2 and H2 with a surface of a membrane and transferring these components in contact with a biofilm on the opposite side of the membrane will provide a stable system for producing liquid products such as ethanol, butanol and other chemicals. Accordingly this invention is a membrane supported bioreactor system for conversion of syngas components such as CO, CO2 and H2 to liquid fuels and chemicals by anaerobic microorganisms supported on the surface of membrane. The gas fed on the membrane's gas contact side transports through the membrane to a biofilm of the anaerobic microorganisms where it is converted to the desired liquid products

[0014]The instant invention uses microporous membranes or non-porous membranes or membranes having similar properties that transfer (dissolve) gases into liquids for delivering the components in the syngas directly to the cells that use the CO and H2 in the gas and transform them into ethanol and other soluble products. The membranes concurrently serve as the support upon which the fermenting cells grow as a biofilm and are thus retained in a concentrated layer. The result is a highly efficient and economical transfer of the syngas at essentially 100% dissolution and utilization, overcoming limitations for the other fermentation methods and fermenter configurations. The syngas diffuses through the membrane from the gas side and into the biofilm where it is transformed by the microbes to the soluble product of interest. Liquid is passed in the liquid side of the membranes via pumping, stirring or similar means to remove the ethanol and other soluble products formed; the products are recovered via a variety of suitable methods.

[0016]An additional embodiment of the instant invention includes the supply of dissolved syngas in the liquid phase to the side of the biofilm in contact with that phase. This allows dissolved gas substrate to penetrate from both sides of the biofilm and maintains the concentration within the biofilm at higher levels allowing improved reaction rates compared to just supplying the syngas via the membrane alone. This may be accomplished by pumping a liquid stream where the gases are predissolved into the liquid or by pumping a mixture of liquid containing the syngas present as small bubbles using fine bubble diffusers, jet diffusers or other similar equipment commonly used to transfer gas into liquids. The potential added advantage of using the combined gas and liquid stream is that the additional shear produced by the gas / liquid mixture may be beneficial in controlling the thickness of the biofilm. The advantage of pre-dissolution of the syngas is that very little, if any, of the gas is lost from the system so utilization efficiency is maximized.

Problems solved by technology

The availability of agricultural feedstocks that provide readily fermentable carbohydrates is limited because of competition with food and feed production, arable land usage, water availability, and other factors.

However, the very heterogeneous nature of lignocellulosic materials that enables them to provide the mechanical support structure of the plants and trees makes them inherently recalcitrant to bioconversion.

Furthermore, conventional yeasts are unable to ferment the C5 sugars to ethanol and lignin components are completely unfermentable by such organisms.

For all of these reasons, processes based on a pretreatment / hydrolysis / fermentation path for conversion of lignocellulose biomass to ethanol, for example, are inherently difficult and often uneconomical multi-step and multi conversion processes.

And very large quantities of these gases are required.

Furthermore, the anaerobic microorganisms that bring about these bioconversions generate very little metabolic energy from these bioconversions.

The agitated vessels require a lot of mechanical power often in the range of 4 to 10 KW per 1000 gallons—uneconomical and unwieldy for large scale fermentations that will be required for such syngas bioconversions.

The fluidized or fluid circulating systems cannot provide the required gas dissolution rates.

These systems are expensive and require extensive maintenance and cleaning of the membranes to maintain the fluxes and other performance parameters.

They suffer from either being very large or unable to provide sufficient gas dissolution rates.

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