Direct electron transfer using enzymes in bioanodes, biocathodes, and biofuel cells
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example 1
Direct Electron Transfer Using Bilirubin Oxidase on Different Carbon Surfaces
[0139]Carbon Paste Electrode Modifications: Each experiment was conducted using freshly packed carbon paste electrodes. Following carbon paste packing, the four electrodes were modified with one of the carbon materials: carbon black, carbon worms, carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 20 nm and a length of 5-20 microns, and Pt on Vulcan XC-72. Unmodified carbon paste electrodes were used as a control. Modified electrodes were soaked in a solution of bilirubin oxidase in a pH 7.15 pH buffer solution for 15 minutes at 4° C. The bilirubin oxidase enzyme solution contained 1.0 mg of bilirubin oxidase dissolved in 10 mL of the 0.1 M pH 7.15 phosphate buffer. Once the electrodes equilibrated in the enzyme solution, they were placed in a vacuum desiccator to dry for approximately 15 minutes. Once dry, the electrodes were voltammetrically tested in a control solution of degassed pH 7.15 phosphate buffer solution. The...
example 2
Bilirubin Oxidase Cathodes in Biofuel Cells
[0145]The anode and the cathode electrodes in the biofuel cell were prepared using biological catalysts (enzymes). A tetrabutylammonium-modified Nafion® NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase bioanode was used for these experiments. A biocathode was developed that consists of 1 cm2 carbon cloth. 0.5 mg bilirubin oxidase (from Myrothecium verrucaria, unit activity=10 units.mg, Sigma) was added to 100 μL of DE 520 Nafion membrane suspension and vortexed for 20 minutes. Two microliters of enzyme / membrane casting solution were pipetted onto the carbon electrode and allowed to dry for 12 hours. All electrochemical experiments were performed at room temperature, which varied from 20-25° C. Electrodes were introduced into pH=7.15, 7.5 and 8.0 phosphate buffers saturated with dissolved oxygen. The measurements were conducted on a CH Instrument potentiostat model 900 interfaced to a PC computer. The DE520 Nafion® membrane suspension was prepared by ad...
example 3
Preparation of Lipoxygenase Bioanode
[0150]Suspensions of various ammonium salt-treated Nafion® enzyme immobilization materials were prepared as described above. A stock solution of lipoxygenase enzyme was prepared. An equal amount of the lipoxygenase solution and modified Nafion® suspension was mixed and the solution was pipetted onto the surface of a 1 cm2 carbon paper support and dried thoroughly.
[0151]A U-shaped glass cell with Nafion™ 117 membrane separating the anode and cathode compartment was utilized. The cathode side of the fuel cell was filled with buffer (pH ˜7.15) and a platinum cathode was partially suspended in solution. The anode side of the fuel cell was filled with sonicated fuel solution containing 10 μL of soybean oil in 100 mL of buffer. The anode was suspended completely into the solution. The Nafion® was modified with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), triethylhexylammonium bromide (TEHA), trimethylhexylammonium bromide (TMHA), trimethyloctylammonium bromide (T...
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