The invention provides a biochemical marker-assisted selection method for the trait of premature senescence and non-premature senescence of short-season cotton. The biochemical markers involved in the invention are superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the selection method is to select precocious and non-premature aging parents Hybridization, using the relative activity of the three enzymes SOD, POD, and CAT in the critical period as selection markers, the population of hybrid offspring was selected from the F2 generation, and combined with conventional breeding techniques, a precocious, non-premature senescence, green branches and green leaves were bred. The short-season cotton series of white catkins are Zhongmian 16, 24, 27 and 36. This technology overcomes the disadvantages of conventional breeding, such as long selection period, great influence by environmental conditions, time-consuming and laborious, and low selection efficiency. Effectively alleviate the genetic positive correlation between precocity and premature aging, and the negative genetic correlation between early maturity and high quality and disease resistance, integrating precocious maturity without premature aging, high quality, high yield and disease resistance.