Cellulose acetate films prepared by coating methods

Abstract

A method of film fabrication is taught that uses a coating and drying apparatus to fabricate resin films suitable for optical applications. In particular, cellulose acetate films are prepared by simultaneous application of multiple liquid layers to a moving carrier substrate. After solvent removal, the cellulose acetate films are peeled from the sacrificial carrier substrate. Cellulose acetate films prepared by the current invention exhibit good dimensional stability and low birefringence.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This is a 111A Application of Provisional Application, Ser. No. 60 / 381,931, filed on May 20, 2002.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]This invention relates generally to methods for manufacturing resin films and, more particularly, to an improved method for the manufacture of optical films, and most particularly, to the manufacture of cellulose acetate films used as substrates, compensation plates, and protective covers in optical devices such as light filters, liquid crystal displays and other electronic displays.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0003]Cellulose acetate has historically been used as a support material in the manufacture of photographic films. In particular, cellulose acetate films are known to have many desirable properties necessary for a photographic film base including high transparency and relatively good dimensional stability with respect to moisture and temperature. Cellulose acetate also has excellent resistance to degradation b...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0016]It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new method of producing highly uniform cellulose acetate films over a broad range of dry thicknesses.

[0018]Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new method of preparing cellulose acetate films with improved dimensional stability and handling ability by temporarily adhering the cellulose acetate film to a supporting carrier substrate at least until it is substantially dry and then subsequently separating the carrier substrate from the cellulose acetate film.

[0020]Cellulose acetate films can be made with the method of the present invention having a thickness of about 1 to 500 μm. Very thin cellulose acetate films of less than 40 μm can be easily manufactured at line speeds not possible with prior art methods. The fabrication of very thin films is facilitated by a carrier substrate that supports the wet film through the drying process and eliminates the need to peel the film from a metal band or drum prior to a final drying step as required in the casting methods described in prior art. Rather, the cellulose acetate film is substantially, if not completely, dried before separation from the carrier substrate. In all cases, dried cellulose acetate films have a residual solvent content of less than 10% by weight. Thus, the present invention readily allows for preparation of very delicate thin films not possible with the prior art casting method. In addition, thick films of greater than 40 microns may also be prepared by the method of the present invention. To fabricate thicker films, additional coatings may be applied over a film-substrate composite either in a tandem operation or in an offline process without comprising optical quality. In this way, the method of the present invention overcomes the limitation of solvent removal during the preparation of thicker films since the first applied film is dry before application of a subsequent wet film. Thus, the present invention allows for a broader range of final film thickness than is possible with casting methods.

[0021]In the method of the present invention, cellulose acetate films are created by forming a single or, preferably, a multi-layer composite on a slide surface of a coating hopper, the multi-layer composite including a bottom layer of low viscosity, one or more intermediate layers, and an optional top layer containing a surfactant, flowing the multi-layer composite down the slide surface and over a coating lip of the coating hopper, and applying the multi-layer composite to a moving substrate. In particular, the use of the method of the present invention is shown to allow for application of several liquid layers having unique composition. Coating aids and additives may be placed in specific layers to improve film performance or improve manufacturing robustness. For example, multi-layer application allows a surfactant to be placed in the top spreading layer where needed rather than through out the entire wet film. In another example, the concentration of cellulose acetate in the lowermost layer may be adjusted to achieve low viscosity and facilitate high-speed application of the multi-layer composite onto the carrier substrate. Therefore, the present invention provides an advantageous method for the fabrication of multiple layer composite films such as required for certain optical elements or other similar elements.

[0022]Wrinkling and cockle artifacts are minimized with the method of the present invention through the use of the carrier substrate. By providing a stiff backing for the cellulose acetate film, the carrier substrate minimizes dimensional distortion of the cellulose acetate film. This is particularly advantageous for handling and processing very thin films of less than about 40 microns. In addition, the restraining nature of the carrier substrate also eliminates the tendency of cellulose acetate films to distort or cockle over time as a result of changes in moisture levels. Thus, the method of the current invention insures that cellulose acetate films are dimensionally stable during preparation and storage as well as during final handling steps necessary for fabrication of optical elements.

Problems solved by technology

For many reasons, however, films prepared by melt extrusion are generally not suitable for optical applications.

In the case of highly substituted cellulose acetate, there is the additional problem of melting the polymer.

However, the polymers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,510 to Machell are not the fully substituted cellulose triacetate, but rather have a lesser degree of alkyl substitution or have proprionate groups in place of acetate groups.

For these reasons, melt extrusion methods are generally not practical for fabricating many resin films including cellulose triacetate films used to prepare protective covers and substrates in electronic displays.

In general, thin films of less than 40 microns are very difficult to produce by casting methods due to the fragility of wet film during the peeling and drying processes.

Films having a thickness of greater than 200 microns are also problematic to manufacture due to difficulties associated with the removal of solvent in the final drying step.

Despite the wide use of the casting method to manufacture optical films, there are however, a number of disadvantages to casting technology.

One disadvantage is that cast films have significant optical birefringence.

Although films prepared by casting methods have lower birefringence when compared to films prepared by melt extrusion methods, birefringence remains objectionably high.

Birefringence in cast films arises from orientation of polymers during the manufacturing operations.

These shear forces orient the polymer molecules and ultimately give rise to undesirably high birefringence or retardation values.

Another drawback to the casting method is the inability to accurately apply multiple layers.

As noted in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,357 to Hayward, conventional multi-slot casting dies create unacceptably non-uniform films.

In particular, line and streak non-uniformity is greater than 5% with prior art devices.

Acceptable two layer films may be prepared by employing special die lip designs as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,357 to Hayward, but the die designs are complex and may be impractical for applying more than two layers simultaneously.

Another drawback to the casting method is the restrictions on the viscosity of the dope.

At these high viscosity values, however, casting dopes are difficult to filter and degas.

While fibers and larger debris may be removed, softer materials such as polymer slugs are more difficult to filter at the high pressures found in dope delivery systems.

Particulate and bubble artifacts create conspicuous inclusion defects as well as streaks and may create substantial waste.

In addition, the casting method can be relatively inflexible with respect to product changes.

Because casting requires high viscosity dopes, changing product formulations requires extensive down time for cleaning delivery systems to eliminate the possibility of contamination.

Particularly problematic are formulation changes involving incompatible polymers and solvents.

In fact, formulation changes are so time consuming and expensive with the casting method that most production machines are dedicated exclusively to producing only one film type.

Finally, cast films may exhibit undesirable cockle or wrinkles.

Thinner films are especially vulnerable to dimensional artifacts either during the peeling and drying steps of the casting process or during subsequent handling of the film.

Very thin films are difficult to handle during this lamination process without wrinkling.

In addition, many cast films may naturally become distorted over time due to the effects of moisture.

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