Inverted Bottom-Emitting OLED Device

Abstract

A method of making an inverted bottom-emitting OLED device, comprising: providing a substrate; providing one or more first electrodes driven by n-type transistors on the substrate; providing an electron-transporting layer over the substrate and first electrode(s), wherein the electron-transporting layer comprises an n-type inorganic semiconductive material with a resistivity in the range of 1 to 105 ohm-cm and a bandgap greater than 2.5 eV; providing an organic light-emitting layer over the electron-transporting layer; providing a hole-transporting layer over the organic emitting layer; and providing a second electrode over the hole-transporting layer.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0001]The present invention relates to forming an OLED device with efficient electron transport.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0002]Organic electroluminescent (EL) devices are known to be highly efficient and are capable of producing a wide range of colors. Useful applications such as flat-panel displays have been contemplated. Representative of earlier organic EL devices are Gurnee et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,862; Gurnee U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,050; Dresner, “Double Injection Electroluminescence in Anthracene,” RCA Review, Vol. 30, pp. 322-334, 1969; and Dresner U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,167. Typical organic emitting materials were formed of a conjugated organic host material and a conjugated organic activating agent having condensed benzene rings. The organic emitting material was present as a single layer medium having a thickness much above 1 micrometer. Thus, this organic EL medium was highly resistive and the EL device required an extremely high voltage (>100 volts) ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0025]Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of the method of making an inverted bottom-emitting OLED device according to this invention. At the start of method 300, a substrate is provided (Step 310). One or more first electrodes are provided over the substrate (Step 320) and an inorganic electron-transporting layer comprising an n-type inorganic semiconductive material is provided over the substrate and first electrode(s) (Step 330). The first electrodes can be driven by n-type transistors. The n-type inorganic semiconductive material can be deposited by means of atomic-layer deposition, usefully at a temperature greater than 150° C. At this point, it is possible to remove the partially-completed OLED device, if desired or convenient for the manufacturing process, from the manufacturing apparatus and even expose the partially-completed device to air with no negative effects (Step 340). Thus, the n-type semiconductive material deposition can be completed in a first manufacturing process, and subsequent steps (described below) can be performed in a second manufacturing process at a later time or in another location. With most OLED device manufacturing processes, the device must be kept in a vacuum during the entire process as exposing a partially-completed device to air or moisture at any step in the process can render the device useless. Thus, it is en advantage of the present invention that is provides additional options in the manufacturing process.

[0026]Next, after reintroducing the partially-completed device to vacuum, the device is provided with an organic light-emitting layer (Step 350), a hole-transporting layer (Step 360) and a second electrode (Step 370). The latter steps are all performed in a vacuum. The device can then be sealed, after which it can again be exposed to the air. Further details of the individual layers will be discussed below.

[0027]Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an inverted OLED device prepared according to the method of this invention. Inverted OLED device 220 comprises substrate 170, a first electrode, e.g. cathode 100, a second electrode, e.g. anode 160, and emissive layers 230 between the electrodes. Emissive layers 230 include inorganic electron-transporting layer 180, light-emitting layer 130, and hole-transporting layer 140. Light-emitting layer 130 serves as the recombination layer where holes and electrons recombine. In the present invention both hole-transporting layer 140 and light-emitting layer 130 are formed of organic materials, while electron-transporting layer 180 is formed of inorganic materials. Electron-transporting layer 180 is formed before light-emitting layer 130. The anode and the cathode are connected to an external AC or DC power source (not shown). The power source can be pulsed, periodic, or continuous.

[0028]In operation, inverted OLED device 220 can be viewed as a diode which is forward biased when the anode 160 is at a higher potential than the cathode 100. Under these conditions, holes (positive charge carriers) are injected from the anode into hole-transporting layer 140, and electrons are injected into electron-transporting layer 180. The injected holes and electrons migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. This results in hole-electron recombination and a release of energy in part as light, thus producing electroluminescence.

[0029]Devices often have a common top electrode and only vary the potential on the bottom electrode. This is because the top electrode is difficult to pattern by anything other than a shadow mask without damaging the organic materials. It is well known that the organic materials are sensitive to oxygen and water, and ion bombardment, temperature, and other chemically reactive species can also do damage.

[0030]Substrate 170 for inverted OLED device 220 is electrically insulating and light transparent. The light-transparency property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases. One useful embodiment in this invention is a glass substrate coated with a layer of semiconductor material, e.g. amorphous silicon (a-Si) that can be patterned into an array of n-type transistors for driving an active-matrix display.

Problems solved by technology

Thus, this organic EL medium was highly resistive and the EL device required an extremely high voltage (>100 volts) to operate.

One inherent drawback of the organic EL devices is that electron mobility in organic materials is extremely low, so that a high voltage is required to produce a strong electric field.

The thickness of the organic medium can be reduced to lower the voltage level required for device operation, but the reduction results in low quantum efficiency due to radiative quenching by a conducting surface, high leakage current, or device shorting.

A problem with this approach is that the organic materials tend to be very fragile and reactive, and can therefore be damaged by the conditions necessary to apply zinc oxide.

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