338 results about "Burette" patented technology

The invention discloses a fast detection test paper tape a lead ion aurosol immune layer as well as a preparation method and the application thereof. The preparation method of the test paper tape comprises the following steps: (1) preparing and purifying a lead ion resistant monoclonal antibody; (2) preparing a detection antigen Pb-DTPA-OVA; (3) preparing an aurosol solution; (4) preparing an aurosol solution marked with the lead ion resistant monoclonal antibody; (5) spraying metal; (6) enveloping C and a T wire on a nitrocellulose membrane; and (7) assembling the test paper tape. A method detecting lead ions by using the test paper tape comprises the following steps: a. adding a DTPA chelating agent into a sample digestion solution to be detected so that the lead ions and the DTPA chelating agent are sufficiently chelated; b. using a burette to absorb the sample digestion solution to be detected, dripping 3 drips of the sample digestion solution on a sample pad of the test paper tape, and starting to time after sample addition; c. reading a result 3-5 minutes after the sample addition; when reading the result, taking the test paper tape to be perpendicular to the front face of an observer in such a way that one end of the sample pad is downward; and d. judging the result.

The invention relates to a method and a device of measuring material thermal shock property, which belongs to the technical field of engineering materials, structural deformation and mechanics experiment. The measuring device comprises an air cushion precision optical platform, a temperature controlled switch, a PID temperature controller, an infrared radiation thermometer, an LED lamp bracket, anLED lamp, an A-frame, a lens, a high speed camera, a computer, a test piece, a thermoelectric pair, alumina ceramics, asbestos wire gauze, a heating furnace, a thermal insulation shield, a burette and a stand. The invention combines heating equipment and an optical photographic apparatus, masterly utilizes a digital image cross-correlation method and provides the method and the device of measuring material thermal shock property. The invention has novel train of thought, compact structure and complete system, and can realize quantitative analysis and measurement on the material thermal shockproperty.

The invention discloses a device for measuring the permeability of rock in a fracturing process. The device comprises a triaxial test chamber (1), a core gripping device, a carbon dioxide cylinder (2), a flow monitoring device, a hydraulic oil confining pressure loading system (3) and a computer (4), wherein the hydraulic oil confining pressure loading system (3) comprises an oil pump, a booster pump and an oil tank; the core gripping device comprises a core gripper (11), an air cushion (12), an insulating self-adhesive sealing tape (13) and a thermal shrinkable sleeve (14); an air inlet (15) connected with an air inlet valve (9) and an air outlet (16) connected with an air outlet valve (10) are formed in the upper end and the lower end of the core gripper (11) respectively; the carbon dioxide cylinder (2) is connected with the air inlet valve (9); and the flow monitoring device comprises a glass burette (17) and a rubber hose (18). The invention further discloses a measuring method. The device provided by the invention has the beneficial effects of convenience and easiness in refitting, safety and simplicity in operation, small measuring error, high working efficiency and high utilization ratio of carbon dioxide.

The invention discloses a sample processing method for an automatic sample processing system. The automatic sample processing system comprises a workbench, wherein a sample preprocessing mechanism, a sample centrifuging mechanism, a sample temperature controlling mechanism, a manipulator system, a testing mechanism and a test tube stand are arranged on the platform of the workbench; the sample preprocessing mechanism comprises a support and a plurality of jacking test tube brackets; a sample smashing mechanism used for smashing solid samples and a plurality of servo-type burettes are arranged on the support; the sample smashing mechanism comprises a smashing motor and a smashing mechanism; the smashing motor is fixed on a fixing frame; the smashing mechanism is arranged on the output shaft of the smashing motor. The sample processing method comprises the following steps: sample smashing, reagent adding, liquid extracting, centrifuging, temperature controlling, eluting and detecting. According to the invention, the sample processing method has the following advantages: the samples can be smashed automatically, a reagent can be added automatically, and liquid can be extracted automatically; the accuracy of adding and extracting the liquid is high.

The invention provides a food detection device. The food detection device comprises a detection part and a sample treatment part. The detection part is a box body defined by a bottom plate, a top plate and side walls. At least one part of the side walls are provided with interlayers defined by inner walls and outer walls. A testing plate is arranged on the bottom plate. The top plate is provided with a titration hole. The sample treatment part comprises a sample treatment chamber and at least one solution storage chamber connected with the sample treatment chamber. The sample treatment chamber is communicated with the solution storage chambers through a pipeline. A detection liquid storage part is further arranged between the detection part and the sample treatment part. The detection liquid storage part is provided with an internal space for storing detection liquid. The top of the detection liquid storage part is in fluid communication with the sample treatment part. The bottom of the detection liquid storage part is provided with a titration device. The titration device is in fluid communication with the detection part. The titration device comprises a burette fixedly connected with the titration hole and a titration plug matched with the burette. The height of the titration plug is adjusted through an adjusting device. The food detection device is provided with a sample pretreatment device, and is compact in structure and convenient to operate.

The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for rapid determination of parameters of residual gas on a mining working face of an underground coal mine. The determination apparatus is provided with a coal sample tank; a pneumatic motor is arranged at the lower part of the coal sample tank; a rotating shaft is mounted on the upper part of the pneumatic motor; a crushing cutter head is installed at a side surface of the rotating shaft; the upper part of the coal sample tank is communicated with one end of a gas-guide tube, and the other end of the gas-guide tube is connected with a high precision pressure gauge; a gas stop valve is arranged at a joint position of the gas-guide tube and the coal sample tank; the side surface of the gas-guide tube is communicated with an interface of a three-way angle valve through a connection flexible pipe, and the other two interfaces of the three-way angle valve are respectively communicated with the bottoms of burette I and burette II through connection pipes. The determination method comprises the following steps: determination of curves representing the relationship between different balance pressures during adsorption of methane by coal and desorption quantity and the relationship between the different balance pressures and methane content; determination of desorbable gas quantity on the working face and calculation of content, pressure and expansion energy of residual gas on the mining working face. The determination method for residual gas on the mining working face has the advantages of a short period of time, small workload and high reliability of determination results, provides multi-parameter determination indexes for prediction of prominent dangers and examination of outburst prevention effects and has significant meaning to development of outburst prevention technology on a working face.

The invention provides an improved method for determining free chlorine ions in cement paste or mortar and belongs to the technical field of determination of building materials. The improved method comprises the following steps: preparing a sodium chloride standard solution and a silver nitrate solution with the concentration of c; grinding the mortar in concrete until all the mortar passes through a square hole sieve with the hole diameter of 0.63mm; drying the mortar at 105+ / -5 DEG C for 2 hours and recording the weight as G; adding de-ionized water; shaking and immersing; filtering and adding nitric acid into a filtering solution; inserting electrodes; connecting the two electrodes with a potentiometer; titrating by using the silver nitrate solution; recording potentials and readings of a corresponding burette; recording the volume V of silver nitrate corresponding to a titrating final point; calculating the content of the free chlorine ions in a cement slurry system according to a formula as shown in the specification; if the difference of titrating results of two times is less than 1%, finally obtaining an average value; if the difference of the titrating results of the two times is more than 1%, continuing to titrate until the difference of the titrating results of the two times is less than 1%. According to the method, the titrating final point is obvious and the accuracy is high; an experiment process is simple and convenient and is suitable for large-batch tests.

The invention relates to a testing method and device of cement chemical shrinkage, composed of a glass burette, a glass pycnometer, a magnetic stirrer and a steel ball. The testing method comprises the following steps: loading the cement sampler to be tested and the steel ball into the glass pycnometer; adding water and uniformly stirring the mixture; closely connecting the burette and pycnometer and adding solution until the full scale of the burette; keeping the cement slurry to be tested rotating using the magnetic stirrer and the steel ball; recording the chemical shrinkage amount at different time based on the liquid level change in burette. The cement chemical shrinkage change can be monitored at real time based on ensuring the cement fully being hydrated.

The invention discloses a sample automatic-treatment system. The sample automatic-treatment system comprises a workbench. A sample pre-treatment device, a sample centrifugal device, a sample temperature control device, a manipulator system, a detection device and a test-tube rack are arranged on the surface of the workbench. The sample pre-treatment device comprises a support and multiple test-tube carriages. The support is provided with a sample crushing device for crushing a solid sample and multiple servo burettes. The sample crushing device comprises a crushing motor and a crushing device. The crushing motor is fixed to a fixing rack. The crushing device is arranged on an output shaft of the crushing motor. The sample pre-treatment device, the sample centrifugal device, the sample temperature control device and the detection device are arranged at a first side of the surface of the workbench. The manipulator system is arranged at a second side of the workbench surface opposite to the first side. The sample automatic-treatment system has the advantages of functions of sample automatic-crushing, reagent addition and liquid extraction, and high liquid sample addition and extraction precision.

A device for measuring of urine production of a patient carrying a urine catheter, the device comprising a replaceable self-emptying chamber (120), provided with a siphon for self emptying when the burette becomes filled up to a predetermined volume, the self-emptying chamber further comprises an inlet and an outlet for the urine whose volume is to be measured, further, the device comprises a base unit (105) provided with attachment organs for removably attaching the self-emptying chamber (120) to the base unit, which station having measurement organs for sensing the level of urine in the self-emptying chamber and for keeping track of number of self-emptyings.

The invention relates to a testing method of metallographic structure, particularly relates to a method of displaying austenite structure quickly and easily. According to the invention provided techniccal scheme, the method includes: first use metallographic abrasive paper to grind the surface to be tested of stainless steel strip until grinding crack on the surface to be tested is uniform and the grinding crack has same direction; then using polishing cloth to polish the grinded surface, and there should be no obvious scratch on the surface when observing under 100X microscope after polishing; then using burette to drop 1-50 drops prepared solution on the polished surface for etching the surface, using soft cloth to wipe etched surface for five to six secondes, at last washing with water and using alcohol to wipe clean, putting clean surface under microscope to observe austenite stainless steel structure. Using the method can checkout matrix structure of materials in short time.

A device for measuring of urine production of a patient carrying a urine catheter, the device comprising a replaceable self-emptying chamber (120), provided with a siphon for self emptying when the burette becomes filled up to a predetermined volume, the self-emptying chamber further comprises an inlet and an outlet for the urine whose volume is to be measured, further, the device comprises a base unit (105) provided with attachment organs for removably attaching the self-emptying chamber (120) to the base unit, which station having measurement organs for sensing the level of urine in the self- emptying chamber and for keeping track of number of self-emptyings.

The invention relates to a portable tester for shale gas and coal bed gas, which is applied to the test of content of the coal bed gas and the shale gas. A bottom plate is fixed on the lower part in a box body and is parallel to a box bottom; a panel is fixed at an upper opening of the box body; a cylindrical barrel is fixed on the upper plane of the bottom plate and is vertical to the bottom plate; springs are uniformly distributed and welded and fixed on the top of the cylindrical barrel and are vertical to the end face of the cylindrical barrel; a top plate is fixed on the tops of the springs; the panel is provided with a round hole; the top plate is arranged on the upper part of the panel; the bottom of a closed tank is welded on the upper plane of the top plate; the top of a variable frequency alternating current motor is welded on the lower plane of the top plate; and the variable frequency alternating current motor is arranged in the cylindrical barrel. The invention has the advantages that: the portable tester is used for hermetically grinding a coal and shale sample in the experiment process and prevents the sample from being oxidized by air, an exhaust pipe is connected with a burette with scales through a rubber pipe, gas released after the coal or shale sample is ground into powder can be collected by the burette, and the gas content of coal and shale is quickly tested.

The invention provides a micro heat pipe vacuuming and filling device and method. The micro heat pipe vacuuming and filling device comprises a vacuumizing system and a filling system. The vacuuming system is mainly composed of a vacuum pump, a digital vacuum gauge, a pressure sensor and a liquid storage tank which are sequentially connected. All the parts are connected through a pipeline. The pipeline is controlled by needle valves to be connected and disconnected. The filling system comprises a burette, a trace liquid injector, a transparent silica gel hose and the like. Multiple Robert hose clamps are arranged on different portions of the transparent silica gel hose and capable of achieving the opening / closing functions of similar valves. The device is simple and economical in structure, the vacuumizing and filling processes can be achieved just through operations of the valves in the limited steps, the amount of a filling working medium of a micro heat pipe can be controlled precisely, and the size of a cavity in the micro heat pipe can be measured precisely.

The invention discloses an analytical method for single substance calcium in a core-spun calcium line; the analytical method comprises the following steps of: intercepting a core-spun calcium line sample with a certain length, and rapidly pouring padding filled in the sample in a sealing bag; accurately weighing a certain amount of padding in the test sample in a sample cup, moving the sample cupinto a reaction bottle containing water in advance, and tightening a rubber plug; and adjusting a gas burette to be balanced with the pressure of the reaction bottle, then adjusting a leveling bottleto be horizontal with the gas burette, rotating a piston of the gas burette to lead the gas burette to be communicated with the reaction bottle, immersing a fixing ring of the sample cup in water, lightly shaking the reaction bottle to lead the test sample to be fully reacted with water, and writing down the readings of an atmosphere pressure, a temperature and a gas volume terminal point when the reading of the gas burette does not change after reaction is ended; and calculating the content of the single substance in the test sample according to the gas volume. The analytical method has the advantages of simple equipment, simple and rapid operation, low analytic cost, wide applicability and particularly suitability for popularization and generation in metallurgy industries.

The invention provides a test method for frozen soil unfrozen-water content based on a pressure plate apparatus. The method comprises the steps of: taking a plurality of frozen soil samples according to geotechnical test standards and performing numbering; spreading air-free water on a pressure plate apparatus pottery clay plate surface until no bubble is generated in a pipeline below the pottery clay plate and the pottery clay plate is saturated; putting the frozen soil samples into a pressure plate apparatus sample area, applying a 20kPa gas pressure to the frozen soil samples, and when the inside of the frozen soil samples reaches a suction equilibrium state, reading the water displacement of the frozen soil samples from a burette; repeating the step and applying pressure forces of all levels in order so as to obtain pressure force values and unfrozen-water water displacement data under corresponding pressure force values; calculating the unfrozen-water content of the frozen soil samples under all levels of pressure forces to obtain a soil-water characteristic curve of the frozen soil samples; and taking the water content corresponding to an asymptote as the unfrozen-water content of the frozen soil samples under the temperature condition. The method has the advantages of low test cost, clear principle, simple operation, and visual test result, thus providing a new method for understanding of frozen soil liquid water content and related research of frozen soil engineering.

The invention discloses a traceable intelligent titrating device and a traceable intelligent titrating method. The traceable intelligent titrating device comprises a fixing module, a locating module, an automatic reading module, an endpoint judgment module and a data processing terminal, wherein the fixing module is used for enabling a burette arranged on a support to be vertical to the ground; the locating module is used for enabling the automatic reading module to be flush with the liquid level; the automatic reading module is used for sensing the position of the liquid level and collecting liquid level image information; the endpoint judgment module is used for collecting image and color data information of initial and endpoint sample solutions; the data processing terminal is used for automatically computing the volume of used titrating liquid, carrying out blank, temperature and burette correction, automatically computing a result according to a formula and related data, printing a report and an original record, and uploading all information related to pictures, images, color data and a computing process to an LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System). The traceable intelligent titrating device disclosed by the invention is simple in structure and convenient to use, an operator can be helped more quickly and accurately carry out titrating operation, initial and endpoint liquid level positions of the burette and image and color information of a reaction solution are preserved, the purpose of data tracing is achieved, and investigation and check are convenient.

A burette (10) to receive liquid from an intravenous supply (29) to deliver liquid to a patient via a tube (30). The burette (10) includes a hollow body (11) that is generally cylindrical configuration and that contains a float valve (24). Liquid level in the chamber (12) of the body (11) regulates liquid level within the chamber (12) by engaging an inlet passage (36) or an outlet tube (25).

The invention relates to a fast drug sensitivity detection kit for vibrio, which can be applied to an aquiculture site. According to the invention, the detection kit comprises a detection plate, a thallus collection tool, bacterium enrichment liquid, a drug sensitivity detection culture medium, a turbidimetry tube, an inoculation burette and a colorimetric card, wherein the detection plate comprises inspection holes enveloping drugs and color indicators for drug sensitivity detection, and the color indicators are Alamar Blue. According to the invention, fish peptone, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are added based on the MH culture medium and the concentration of NaCl is adjusted, and the culture medium is used as the bacterium enrichment liquid of vibrio, which can effectively promote the growth of the vibrio and enables the bacterium enrichment liquid to reach the required concentration in a short time, so as to shorten the time of drug sensitivity detection. At the same time, a blue dye, namely the Alamar Blue, which is safe and nontoxic to the cells is used; the Alamar Blue has no toxic effect on cells, and can be enveloped in the micropores of the drug sensitivity detection plate directly without influencing the growth of the bacteria, so that the detection operation is simpler and more convenient and quick; and the proliferation dynamic of the bacteria can be continuously monitored.

A burette (10, 110, 200) suitable for delivery of a reagent into a target solution (50) employs diffusion for delivering the reagent. The reagent is in the form of a solution, which is combined with a matrix material (22), such as a gel or porous ceramic. A membrane (32) covers a delivery outlet (20) to the burette. In one embodiment, the delivery outlet comprises a plurality of fine bores (36), each one filled with or covered by a membrane (38). Stirring of the burette or target solution is achieved with a stirring means (104, 106). A heating or cooling means (80) heats a tip (16) of the burette.

The invention relates to a device for testing a gas cylinder by using a computer control moving burette jacket method, belonging to the technical field of gas cylinder quality detection and formed by connecting and assembling a water jacket part, a moving burette part, a pressure detection part, an electric control part and a microcomputer tracking part. The device is characterized by being capable of detecting the liquid level change of a burette, generated by gas cylinder deformation, and being provided with a digital control drive to control the burette position in real time while detecting the liquid level change to ensure that the absolute position of the liquid level in the burette is unchanged. Full deformation and residual deformation are obtained through the burette data change and the residual deformation rate is calculated. The invention solves the problem of easy interference to a weight method by outside conditions, has many hardly avoidable factors of generating errors, such as negative pressure generated by liquid level rise of a weight container, and the like, improves the testing accuracy, ensures that the testing operation is convenient and the result is visual, and is an ideal device for testing the gas cylinder by using the burette hydraulic method.

The invention discloses a full-automatic acid alkaline titrimeter which comprises an experimental box, a burette, a light source emitter and a light source receiving processor, wherein a round base for the placement of beakers is arranged inside and at the bottom of the experimental box, a stirrer is mounted inside the experimental box, the burette is provided with a peristaltic pump and a flow sensor, and an automatic lifting device is arranged at the lower part of the experimental box, and a circular groove is formed in the upper part of the experimental box. The round base is fixedly connected with the top of the automatic lifting device. The full-automatic acid alkaline titrimeter provided by the invention has the advantages that a former manual titration way is replaced, the full-automatic acid alkaline titrimeter is simple and easy to understand, the time is saved, the operation is simple and convenient, and the measuring is accurate.

A system for controlling fluid flow through multiple conduits for use in a fluid administration device. The system includes a housing, a cam, and a control element used to move the cam to selectively occlude the conduits. When used with a medical burette, the cam is located between the vent and supply conduits and rotates to alternately occlude one or the other conduits or to leave both conduits patent. A cam lobe occludes the conduits by pressing the conduit against a pressure surface until occlusion is obtained. Depending on the rotational position of the cam, the continuous flow mode, the intermittent flow mode, and the priming mode are all obtained with a single control lever. The housing secures the conduits in predetermined, fixed positions both above and below the contact location of the cam to the conduit. A positive locking device is included to assist in locating the cam in the desired position. A tactile sensation is also provided to the operator by the locking device to indicate that the cam has been placed in the desired location. Clear visual indicators are included on the housing so that the flow mode in which the burette is presently operating can be seen from a distance.

The invention relates to a gas cylinder test device by using an external measuring method of a variable-volume burette, belonging to the technical field of gas cylinder quality detection. The gas cylinder test device by using the external measuring method of the variable-volume burette is formed by connecting and assembling a water jacket part, a liquid level detection part, a piston measuring burette part, a pressure detection part, an electrical control part, a microcomputer tracking part and technically characterized in that liquid level change generated due to the deformation of a gas cylinder can be detected in a liquid level pipe while the position of a piston is controlled by digital-control driving so that the absolute position of the liquid level in the liquid level pipe, i.e. the change including the full deformation and the residual deformation in a piston measuring burette, is surely kept unchanged, and the residual deformation rate is calculated. The invention overcomes the defect that other external measuring methods are apt to be influenced by external conditions, aims to break through the influence and the restriction of a traditional measuring method and a relative gas cylinder water pressure test device thereof on the development of the gas cylinder industry to a certain extent. The test accuracy is improved, and the test has convenient operation and intuitive results so that the gas cylinder test device by using the external measuring method of the variable-volume burette is ideal equipment for water pressure tests with gas cylinders.

The invention relates to a method and a device for automatic determination of lime activity by titration, and the device comprises a titration rack, a burette, a flowmeter, a titration cup, a stirrer, a PH electrode, a titration control device, a titration table, and a water-bath heater. The burette is connected with a titrant bottle, and is provided with a titration switch. The titration control device is respectively connected with the PH electrode, the flowmeter and the titration switch circuit. The determination comprises the following steps: (1) accurately weighing 50.0 g of samples with a particle size of 1-5 mm, adding 4 mol / L hydrochloric acid into the titrant bottle; (2) setting the titration control device; (3) measuring 2000 ml water into the titration cup, stirring and heating to 40 DEG C; (4) adding the sample into the titration cup for digestion, starting the device for automatic titration; (5) displaying the consumption amount of the hydrochloric acid consumed by the titration. According to the invention, the PH value is used for titration control; the digestion reaction and the neutralization reaction are completed synchronously; precision of the hydrochloric acid amount is realized; the accuracy for lime activity determination is improved; and multifunctional analysis of the test data is realized through the titration control device.

The invention provides a method for preparing a tube-shaped cathode of a direct methanol fuel cell, belonging to the fuel cell field and comprising the steps of: dispensing a single solution for gel injection molding at first, then adding a mesophase bituminous coal micro ball into the single solution and stirring evenly to obtain stable slurry, then casting the slurry into a die, preserving heat until the single solution reacts with a cross-linker completely to obtain a carbon-biscuit, after drying and sintering the biscuit in vacuum, preparing a diffusion layer and a catalyst layer on the surface by dipping process, and then coating polyester electrolyte membrane with a burette, rolling the carbon on a warm table to solidify the electrolyte membrane. According to the steps, the tube-shaped cathode of a direct methanol fuel cell can be obtained. The tube-shaped cathode of a direct methanol fuel cell made by the method has the characteristic of high mechanical strength, light weight, good conductive performance and thermal conductivity, no hazardous and pollution to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in long running and low price, can replace an expensive tube-shaped Ti-mesh cathode.

The invention relates to the technical field of instruments and meters, in particular to a titrating device of a potentiometric titrator. The titrating device of the potentiometric titrator comprises a stirrer, wherein a tubular burette frame is vertically arranged on the stirrer; a jacket is jacketed on the tubular burette frame; a core is installed inside the jacket; an electromagnetic valve is inserted into the core; the electromagnetic valve is fixed by a branched screw; the titrating device of the potentiometric titrator further comprises a bent burette frame; the bent burette frame penetrates through the core; a burette is fixedly connected onto the upper part of the bent burette frame through a burette fixing screw; an electrode clamp is arranged at the lower part of the bent burette frame; a tightening ring is sleeved upon the lower part of the electrode clamp; a rubber pipe is arranged above the electromagnetic valve; the tail end of the burette is sleeved with the rubber pipe. The titrating device of the potentiometric titrator has the advantages as follows: the titrating device is simple in structure and greatly improves the detection efficiency.

The invention relates to a small-sized brushing machine, aiming at effectively solving the problems that the existing manual spraying is serious in material waste, is not environment-friendly, and is high in labor intensity of manual brushing and low in efficiency. The technical scheme is as follows: the small-sized brushing machine comprises a stand; the upper surface of the stand is provided with a bottom plate, the left end and right end of the bottom plate extend outside the stand, and the upper surface of the bottom plate is smooth; conveyor belts are respectively arranged at the two outer sides of the bottom plate at intervals, and the transmission sides of the conveyor belts are arranged towards the side of the bottom plate; a woolen row brush inclined towards the transmission direction of the conveyor belts is positioned above the bottom plate; a coating box is arranged above the woolen row brush; a plurality of burettes are arranged on the coating box at intervals along the axial direction of the woolen row brush; the lower ends of the burettes are arranged above the wool part of the woolen row brush; the conveyor belts are driven by a power device. The small-sized brushing machine is novel and unique in structure and simple in structure, is suitable for small-scale production after being regulated for once, and is high in automatic production degree, low in cost, energy-saving, environment-friendly, low in labor intensity and high in efficiency, thus being suitable for small-scale production.