The invention discloses a decoding method of adaptive variable length coding based on a context and a system of the adaptive variable length coding, wherein the method comprises the steps of obtaining a code stream needing to be decoded; determining the non-zero coefficient number predicted value nC in the code stream; according to the predicated value nC, finding a preset first decoding code table to obtain the number of the non-zero coefficients and the number of the trailing ones in the code stream; if the number of the non-zero coefficients is more than 0 and the number of the tailing ones is more than 0, decoding the symbol of the tailing with 1 coefficients; if the number of the non-zero coefficients is less than the maximum number value of the non-zero coefficients, finding a preset second decoding code table according to the number of the non-zero coefficients, obtaining the number of total zeros before the last non-zero coefficient in the code stream; according to the number of total zeros before the last non-zero coefficient and the number of the non-zero coefficients, decoding the numbers of zeros before other non-zero coefficients in the code stream. By adoption the decoding method and the system disclosed by the invention, the storage space of the code table can be saved and the decoding efficiency can be improved.