The invention relates to a system and a method for positioning a mobile robot based on regular graphic code composite tags. The system comprises a regular graphic code positioning controller, a regular graphic code reader, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag code reader, and the regular graphic code composite tags which are distributed on the ground, wherein each regular graphic code composite tag is formed by compositing a regular graphic code tag and an RFID tag. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) establishing an image coordinate system, a trolley coordinate system and a world coordinate system; (2) calculating the deviation position and position angle of a mobile robot trolley relative to each composite tag in the trolley coordinate system; (3) calculating the deviation position and angle of each composite tag relative to the world coordinate system; and (4) calculating the deviation position and angle of the mobile robot trolley relative to the world coordinate system. The invention is reasonable in design, the characteristics of the regular graphic code tag and the RFID tag are effectively combined, a function of accurately positioning the mobile robot trolley is realized, and positioning efficiency is improved.