Methods and apparatus for multi -
wavelength (MW) photoplethysmography (PPG)-based
trend monitoring are used to monitor changes in
total hemoglobin,
fluid accumulation in circulation (
plasma volume) and tissues (
interstitial fluid volume),
total blood volume, and tissue
perfusion (
microcirculation). The methods and systems provide integration of automated decision support in both medical-grade and non-medical grade wearables for continuous
body fluid management guided by MW PPG measurements. Recommendations for optimizing
physiological function, including management of
fluid intake, restriction or removal, co-administration of cardiovascular medication, and
red blood cell transfusion may be provided.
Blood loss detection and transfusion- related recommendations may be made based in assessing whole-body
hemoglobin mass changes by differentiating
dilution-related variations in
hemoglobin concentration from net changes in
hemoglobin mass due to
red blood cell loss or transfusion.
Plasma dilution-related fluctuations in
plasma volume and corresponding
blood volume changes may also be monitored alongside fluctuations in
tissue fluid volume and transcapillary fluid shifts. The
system may provide clinically relevant trend data for clinician interpretation and real-time alerts for assessing fluid status, including intravascular and extravascular
fluid accumulation,
total blood volume changes,
plasma volume, and net hemoglobin
mass variations. Clinical guidance on
fluid management, real-time alerts for imminent
edema or
dehydration risks, and notifications regarding potential
blood loss or transfusion effects on
hemoglobin levels may be provided. In a non-clinical setting, the
system advises on
fluid intake or restriction based on
fluid accumulation trends in circulation and tissues which are an indication of plasma and tissue
hydration status, and prompts users to seek
medical attention when a significant reduction in hemoglobin is detected.