The invention discloses a detection system and method for noninvasive measurement of tissue deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonyl hemoglobin. The detection system comprises a probe and a host; the probe is composed of an upper cover layer, a shell, a signal receiving module and a lower cover layer; and the signal receiving module is composed of an optical filter and a detector, and the shell, the optical filter and the detector are located between the upper cover layer and the lower cover layer to form a sandwich structure. The host is composed of a power supply module, a light source driving module, a light source, a central processing module, a display module, a storage module, a signal processing module and a user information input module. The host and the probe are connected through a cable capable of transmitting optical signals and a cable capable of transmitting electric signals, the probe is completely attached to human tissue, the light source driving module in the host controls a light source to emit light, the signal processing module processes photoelectric signals of the signal receiving module and transmits the photoelectric signals to the storage module, the central processing module calls data in the storage module, the central processing module calculates the data and then the data is displayed through the display module. According to the invention, tissue deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonyl hemoglobin can be noninvasively measured at the same time.