43 results about "Ft ir spectroscopy" patented technology

The invention relates to an organic matter near infrared spectrum inversion method and device for removing moisture based on radiation. The method comprises the steps that after a soil sample is pretreated, multiple moisture content gradients are regulated and controlled, the natural moisture permeation state is simulated, visible light-near infrared spectrum data and the organic matter content are collected, and a soil spectrum library is constructed; quantifying the interference weight of moisture on the spectrum by using a physical radiation transmission model to obtain a preliminary correction spectrum; moisture and organic matter features are extracted through a deep learning multi-branch architecture, a moisture characterization index is constructed, cross-domain feature alignment is realized in combination with a domain adversarial network, and an accurate correction spectrum is obtained; all the modules are integrated to construct a soil moisture elimination reconstruction spectrum model, after layered verification and iterative optimization, a to-be-detected soil spectrum is input into the model, organic matter content near infrared spectrum inversion is completed, and a result is output. According to the method, moisture interference is removed through combination of physical radiation and deep learning, the inversion precision is improved, and the method is suitable for rapid detection of organic matters in various moisture-containing soil.

The invention discloses a method for identifying traditional Chinese medicinal materials by combining infrared spectroscopy with clustering analysis, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring original infrared spectral data, averaging the original infrared spectral data to obtain single-sample original spectral data, constructing a sample graph and a wavelength graph based on standardized spectral characteristics, and fusing the sample graph and the wavelength graph to obtain the single-sample original spectral data. Obtaining fusion image data, inputting the fusion image data into a pre-trained image neural network model, extracting a low-dimensional feature vector of a target sample through forward propagation, and inputting the low-dimensional feature vector into a pre-trained dynamic cluster diffusion module to obtain a clustering label and distance data; and determining and outputting the quality grade of the rhizome traditional Chinese medicinal material sample based on the clustering label and the distance data. Therefore, interference can be effectively reduced, key features can be extracted, associated features of fused graph data are extracted in combination with a graph neural network, and the quality grade of traditional Chinese medicinal materials can be accurately determined in combination with clustering analysis of a dynamic cluster diffusion module.

The invention relates to the technical field of near-infrared light analysis materials, in particular to a near-infrared spectrum noninvasive blood glucose concentration dynamic detection method which comprises the steps that a plurality of training samples and blood near-infrared spectrum current data of the current blood glucose concentration to be detected are collected, and the training samples are blood near-infrared spectrum historical data of different blood glucose concentrations; determining a water molecule absorption peak value in the blood near infrared spectrum historical data and the blood near infrared spectrum current data, a corresponding wavelength thereof, and a difference between the water molecule absorption peak width, and obtaining the availability degree of each training sample; the mathematical regression model weight of each training sample is obtained based on the availability degree of each training sample and the collection time of each training sample, so that the mathematical regression model weight of each training sample is more reliable and accurate, the accuracy of the mathematical regression model is improved, and finally the accuracy of blood glucose concentration detection is improved.

The invention provides a frequency domain near infrared spectrum detection device and method based on photon counting, which can be applied to the technical field of in-vivo non-invasive medical detection and diagnosis. The device comprises a photoelectric module configured to emit incident light to a to-be-measured object and generate an electric signal in response to emergent light received from the to-be-measured object, and the incident light is obtained by coupling a plurality of laser signals with different modulation frequencies; each counting module comprises multiple parallel counting channels, and first clock signals of the multiple counting channels have a first frequency and have phase differences relative to each other; the processing module is used for sampling the electric signals so as to determine a target counting channel according to the electric pulse which is responded first in the electric signals; each counting module is configured to determine a response moment of the first responded electrical pulse based on a synchronization signal synchronized with the phase of the modulation signal, and perform photon counting within a time scale corresponding to the response moment to generate a counting result.

The present invention relates to a process for binding carbon dioxide to a waste building material 10, wherein the reaction is carried out in a carbonation reactor 20, wherein a waste building material 10 is fed to the carbonation reactor 20, wherein a carbon dioxide-containing gas 30 is fed to the carbonation reactor 20, and wherein a carbonation product 50 is discharged from the carbonation reactor 20, characterized in that the alkaline earth content of the waste building material 10 fed to the carbonation reactor 20 and / or of the carbonation product 50 discharged from the carbonation reactor 20 is determined by means of elemental analysis 60, wherein the degree of carbonation C of the carbonation product 50 is determined by IR spectroscopy, and wherein a carbonation degree limit value Cmax is set.wherein if the carbonation degree limit Cmax is undershot, the supply of the waste material 10 to the carbonation reactor 20 is reduced and / or the supply of the carbon dioxide-containing gas 30 to the carbonation reactor 20 is increased, wherein if the carbonation degree limit Cmax is exceeded, the supply of the waste material 10 to the carbonation reactor 20 is increased and / or the supply of the carbon dioxide-containing gas 30 to the carbonation reactor 20 is reduced.

This invention relates to the field of near-infrared spectroscopy detection technology, and discloses a near-infrared spectroscopy detection device and method for rapeseed. The sample-carrying component includes a sample tray and a stirring element. The relative rotation of the sample tray and the stirring element allows the sample in the sample tray to be turned over, achieving the interchange of upper and lower layers and uniform mixing of inner and outer rings. This ensures reliable test results and stable experimental repeatability, reflecting the true data of particulate matter to a greater extent. The central axis of the receiving module forms a certain angle with the optical axis of the light source module, effectively avoiding interference from specular reflection and achieving better overlap between the irradiation spot and the receiving spot. Furthermore, this invention employs a three-level anomaly detection mechanism—spectral integrity, correlation, and dispersion—to eliminate abnormal spectra from multiple acquired spectral data. This effectively eliminates outlier data caused by sample state fluctuations, sample loading differences, or accidental interference, improving the consistency and reliability of the spectral data.

The invention discloses a black fungus quality analysis method based on infrared spectroscopy, and belongs to the field of black fungus quality analys.The method comprises the steps that infrared spectroscopy collection and data analysis are conducted on black fungus samples of different producing areas and different batches, and the corresponding relation between spectral characteristics and main components of black fungus is established; therefore, rapid, lossless and multi-dimensional detection and evaluation of components such as auricularia auricula polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, calcium oxalate crystals and the like are realized. Compared with a traditional method depending on sensory indexes, physicochemical indexes and single chemical analysis, the method has the advantages that the detection time is short, complex sample pretreatment is not needed, and more comprehensive and objective quality information can be provided.

The invention discloses a gas analyzer based on infrared spectrum and an indication error calibration method. The method comprises the following steps: respectively mounting a spectrum transmitting end and a spectrum receiving end on two sides of a calibration tube; standard gas with the same concentration and different injection operation parameters is injected into each calibration pipe, infrared light is emitted into the calibration pipes at the same time, the light intensity of the infrared light passing through the gas in the calibration pipes and received by a spectrum receiving end is analyzed, and the measurement and calculation value of the concentration of the standard gas is obtained in combination with the absorption law; constructing a calibration model between the concentration measurement and calculation value and the injection operation parameters; injecting to-be-detected gas into each calibration pipe according to the same injection operation parameters, and correcting the measured concentration of the to-be-detected gas based on the injection operation parameters and the calibration model; based on the influence coefficient of the injection operation parameters on gas concentration measurement, the measurement concentration of the to-be-measured gas with unknown concentration is corrected, and the measurement accuracy of the gas concentration is improved.

A method of sorting plastics substrates uses infrared spectroscopy, wherein at least one substrate has a black inkjet ink layer comprising a radiation-curable monomer, <2 wt.% carbon black, and two or

The invention discloses a method for rapidly detecting the rolling oil acid value in emulsified liquid for cold rolling production, which comprises the following steps: S1, taking the cold rolling emulsified liquid to be detected, filtering, and then sequentially carrying out organic solvent mixing and extraction, high-speed centrifugal separation and negative pressure rotary evaporation operation on the cold rolling emulsified liquid to be detected, so as to obtain a rolling oil sample to be detected; s2, preparing rolling oil standard samples with different acid values; and S3, respectively detecting the rolling oil standard samples with different acid values and the rolling oil sample to be detected by utilizing an infrared spectroscopy method to obtain infrared spectrums of the corresponding samples so as to obtain a standard curve of the acid value of the rolling oil, and comparing to obtain the acid value of the rolling oil in the cold rolling emulsion to be detected. According to the method, the acid value of the rolling oil in the on-site emulsion can be quickly read and obtained, the result accuracy is high, the requirements for quick measurement and quick adjustment of on-site production of a modern cold rolling unit can be met, and high practicability is achieved.

The invention relates to an infrared ATR spectrum-based method for detecting original paraffin petroleum in old-pit jadeite, which comprises the following steps of: scraping sample powder, preparing a test sample by adopting a KBr tabletting method, scanning by utilizing a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to obtain a spectrogram, and determining the content of the original paraffin petroleum in the old-pit jadeite by taking characteristic absorption peaks 2921 + / -5cm <-1 > and 2850 + / -5cm <-1 > as core judgment basis. In combination with auxiliary analysis of 1702 + / -5 cm <-1 > (C = O vibration), 1464 + / -5 cm <-1 > (C-H bending) and 940 + / -5 cm <-1 > / 720 + / -5 cm <-1 > (long chain hydrocarbon skeleton vibration), natural waxy petroleum (long chain hydrocarbons, the number of carbon atoms is greater than or equal to C20) and artificial resin adhesive fillers are clearly distinguished. The method disclosed by the invention reveals the cause of wax petroleum in the old pit seeds (the epigenetic environmental microbiological degradation products exist in jadeite capillary pores or ice cracks) for the first time, solves the classification error of'treated jadeite 'caused by misjudgment of organic matter sources in the national standard GB / T16553-2017, provides a scientific basis for identification of raw stones, windowing stones and peeled stones, corrects commodity inspection misjudgment, and improves the quality of the old pit seeds. And market specification and value regression of the old-pit jadeite is promoted.

The invention discloses an airborne infrared spectrometer for monitoring VOCs in an oil area and a use method thereof, and relates to the technical field of VOCs gas detection.The airborne infrared spectrometer comprises an airborne platform, a spectrometer system platform is arranged on the airborne platform, and a gas pool, an active spectrometer light source and a Fourier transform spectrometer are arranged on the spectrometer system platform; the active spectrometer light source and the Fourier transform spectrometer are respectively positioned on the left side and the right side of the gas cell and are oppositely arranged; the gas tank is connected with a VOCs concentration detection assembly used for monitoring the VOCs evaporation process, and an exhaust pipe is further arranged at the top of the gas tank; the VOCs concentration detection assembly comprises an evaporation chamber and a PID detector, the evaporation chamber is mounted on the airborne platform, a VOCs liquid sample introduction pipeline is arranged at the lower part of the evaporation chamber, and the top of the evaporation chamber is connected with the gas tank through a gas inlet pipe; the PID detector is mounted at the top of the evaporation chamber; the oil area VOCs specific pollutant detection method based on Fourier infrared spectroscopy and PID detection has high efficiency, and the VOCs specific pollutants can be rapidly and accurately detected.

Wavelength-tunable source of pulsed laser radiation for VIS-NIR spectroscopy which consists of a pump source (1) forming bursts of picosecond pulses of high pulse repetition rate, and a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (2). The pump source (1) comprises a solid-state regenerative amplifier (31) having one or two electro-optical switches (32,33) inside its resonator (44). The switches create partial transmission of the resonator for a time interval longer than a resonator roundtrip time, and eject a part of energy of a pulse circulating inside. Bursts of 5-10 ns duration are formed, which are filled with high peak power picosecond pulses. Pulse repetition rate of the order of GHz of pump pulses allows the construction of a compact optical parametric oscillator. The whole set of parameters ensures high energy efficiency, stability and an ability to provide output pulse bursts repeating at up to 10 kHz repetition rate.

The application provides a rapid detection method and system for herbicide effective components based on near-infrared spectroscopy, which is applied to the field of agricultural detection technology, and the near-infrared spectroscopy data of a soil region to be detected, the water content and the compactness values reflecting the soil texture differences are obtained, based on the preset interval to which the water content value belongs, the corresponding preset scattering correction parameter is selected, the actual scattering correction parameter is calculated through the compactness value, the fine adjustment of the scattering correction parameter is realized, the quality and reliability of the spectral data are improved through spectral correction; the corrected spectrum is analyzed, and the real situation of the herbicide in the soil can be more accurately reflected. Therefore, the application effectively overcomes the interference of the complex soil texture in the field on the near-infrared spectroscopy herbicide detection, and realizes the beneficial effect of rapid and accurate detection of the herbicide effective components under the complex soil condition.

This disclosure provides a vessel and methods for handling high-purity phosphorus fluoride compounds. The vessel can include a phosphorus fluoride component including a phosphorus fluoride compound with a purity of at least 99.9%, as measured by gas chromatography and / or infrared spectroscopy. Also disclosed is a method which includes obtaining a solid component containing a metal fluorophosphate compound and water, heating the solid component to remove water, and further heating to form a phosphorus fluoride compound with a purity of at least 99.9%, as measured by gas chromatography and / or infrared spectroscopy.

This disclosure provides transabdominal fetal oximetry (TFO) that uses frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy to measure time-resolved reflectance values of light signals collected from a maternal-fetal multilayer tissue structure. In various embodiments, the disclosed FMCW time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy is configured to function as an optical interferometer that uses two frequency-swept laser sources of different center wavelengths λ1 and λ2 as probe lights to detect optical property in vascular tissues of the maternal-fetal multilayer tissue structure. The FMCW near-infrared spectroscopy is configured to collect light signals returned from the multilayer structure and generate a time-resolved reflectance curve based on the collected light signals.

This application provides a gas detection system and method based on near-infrared wavelength modulation and mid-infrared pulsed laser synergy, relating to the fields of spectroscopic gas detection and industrial flue gas monitoring. In industrial sites such as biomass power plants, hazardous waste incineration plants, and aluminum smelters, the flue gas generated in their flues has complex compositions. Traditional chemical detection methods are insufficient to meet real-time requirements, while other optical detection methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet differential spectroscopy, suffer from high costs and difficulty in avoiding water vapor interference. To address this, a system and method for detecting the concentration of gaseous pollutants in industrial flue gas based on near-infrared wavelength modulation and mid-infrared pulsed laser synergy is proposed. This system combines near-infrared wavelength modulation spectroscopy with mid-infrared pulsed direct absorption spectroscopy, employing multiple near-infrared tunable continuous lasers and mid-infrared tunable pulsed lasers. It utilizes time-division multiplexing and polling modes, combined with a common optical path design, to achieve real-time online monitoring of the concentration of various gaseous pollutants, ultimately significantly reducing the overall system cost.

This invention relates to a rapid detection system and method for microplastics in soil. The system includes a soil laser ablation system and an infrared spectroscopy detection system. The soil laser ablation system includes a laser, a focusing lens, a sample ablation chamber, and a two-dimensional displacement platform. The infrared spectroscopy detection system includes an infrared light source, a gas cell, and an infrared detector. Before the soil laser ablation system ablates the soil sample, a pressure difference is created between the gas cell and the sample ablation chamber to transfer volatiles generated during the ablation of the soil sample into the gas cell. The infrared detector acquires the infrared characteristic spectral data of the volatiles, and the spectral characteristics and intensity information of the characteristic bands of the volatiles are selected. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the types and contents of microplastics in the soil are then performed based on microplastic classification and quantification models, respectively. This invention enables rapid, on-site detection of microplastics in soil.

This invention discloses a chemical reaction pattern recognition method based on the combined use of infrared spectroscopy and reaction calorimetry. This invention establishes kinetic models for different reaction types based on reaction kinetics principles, improving pattern recognition accuracy and model interpretability while generating massive amounts of infrared spectral and reaction calorimetric data. This avoids experimental costs and time expenditure, providing effective data support for the study of reaction kinetics principles. This invention sets up independent encoders to extract key features for each modality, and further employs a Transformer architecture to achieve cross-modal collaborative perception. Based on deep feature fusion, modal task weight vectors and modal input confidence vectors are generated simultaneously. From the perspectives of the global task and the current sample, the contribution of each modality and the real-time reliability of the input data are evaluated, achieving accurate identification and classification of chemical reaction patterns.

The invention discloses a transverse magnetic field configuration optical system for a high-intensity magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum device. The transverse magnetic field configuration optical system comprises a solenoid superconducting magnet tubular sample cavity for the high-intensity magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum device and a non-magnetic damping sleeve arranged in the solenoid superconducting magnet tubular sample cavity. A non-magnetic mirror surface gold-plated optical waveguide is arranged on the upper portion in the non-magnetic damping sleeve, a transverse magnetic field configuration optical module is arranged on the lower portion in the non-magnetic damping sleeve, an adjustable sample bearing table is arranged in the transverse magnetic field configuration optical module, and the adjustable sample bearing table is connected with a speed reduction stepping motor outside the transverse magnetic field configuration optical system. The non-magnetic mirror surface gold-plated optical waveguide comprises a light-in waveguide for inputting probe light and a light-out waveguide for outputting signal light. The transverse magnetic field configuration optical module comprises a transverse magnetic field configuration reflection module and a transverse magnetic field configuration transmission module which are respectively adapted to different strong magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum measurement requirements. The invention provides an optical system capable of realizing transverse magnetic field configuration magnetic spectrum measurement.

This invention discloses a method for fitting infrared spectra of greenhouse gases based on iterative inversion of instrument line function, relating to the field of atmospheric greenhouse gas infrared spectroscopy measurement technology. This method, based on iterative inversion of instrument line function, obtains greenhouse gas concentrations and fits calibrated spectra by iteratively calibrating infrared spectral parameters and instrument line function. By acquiring dynamic conditions such as current ambient temperature and gas pressure, and combining them with absorption cross-section reference values ​​in a database, this invention can calculate the absorption cross-section value under real conditions for each wavenumber point, eliminating errors caused by fixed parameter assumptions. Furthermore, by iteratively optimizing the instrument's center wavenumber and resolution width, the matching degree between the calibrated spectrum and the actual measured spectrum is significantly improved, especially under high noise and complex multi-component interference conditions, enhancing the overall accuracy of spectral fitting and thus ensuring the accuracy and reliability of greenhouse gas concentration inversion data.

The present invention relates to the field of infrared spectroscopy technology, and provides a method for detecting adulterants in raw lacquer using infrared spectroscopy technology, which solves the problem that traditional raw lacquer identification methods mainly rely on empirical judgment, are highly subjective, have low accuracy, and are difficult to meet the needs of modern quality control and market supervision. The method comprises the following steps: (1) collecting the infrared spectrum of the raw lacquer; (2) determining the threshold; (3) preparing the adulterant; (4) generating a simulated doping spectrum; (5) determining the critical coefficient K; and (6) distinguishing the adulterated sample.

The present invention relates to the field of gas detection technology, and discloses an underground pipe gallery leak identification system based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, comprising: an acoustic sensor unit that passively monitors pipe gallery acoustic signals and generates a wake-up command and azimuth information; an infrared spectroscopy analysis module that transmits an infrared light beam with a specific wavelength combination to the estimated leakage sector based on the azimuth information and receives a return light signal to generate spectral data; and a control processing unit that analyzes the spectral data and coordinates with the azimuth information to determine and confirm a leakage event. The present invention achieves an energy-efficient mode innovation from continuous scanning to event-driven through the collaborative mechanism of acoustic triggering and infrared directional detection. Combining differential spectroscopy technology with spatial coding logic verification, it significantly improves the accuracy and response speed of identifying trace leaks in complex environments.

The present application relates to the technical field of petroleum engineering logging equipment, and particularly relates to a dual-mode hydrocarbon source gas detection device and method based on non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy, which comprises a gas permeation unit for separating hydrocarbon gases, a non-dispersive infrared light source for generating double-light-path independent transmission spectrum output gas spectrum data, an arbitration module for generating an arbitration decision result with a light path mode marker, an analysis module for analyzing pulse signals and identifying spectrum patterns, and an output module for fusing concentration values, light path mode markers and classification codes to generate three-tuple data of deep concentration patterns. The present application dynamically releases characteristics through real-time arbitration matching of double-light-paths, captures transient pulse signals through short light paths, converts formation parameters by identifying peak width symmetry characteristics through the analysis module, and forms an unalterable record chain by correlating time and depth dimensions through the output module, so as to eliminate the misjudgment of formation signals caused by the mismatch between artificial detection cycles and gas release dynamic characteristics.

A method for monitoring temperature-induced deformation of components in an intelligent moxibustion robot based on infrared spectroscopy includes the following steps. Infrared spectral images and frequency spectra of a target component of the intelligent moxibustion robot at different detection points are acquired. Motion influence confidence factors for each detection position are constructed based on frequency differences between peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum. The box-counting method is used to obtain scale-relationship graphs of infrared spectra for all detection positions. The overall light absorption difference index of the target component is determined according to the scale-relationship graphs. By combining the overall light absorption difference index with motion influence confidence factors, local outlier factors (LOF) for each detection position in the thermal data sequence are calculated using a LOF anomaly detection algorithm. Finally, a temperature deformation risk of the target component is evaluated based on a thermal alarm threshold.

This invention provides an infrared spectroscopy detection device for operating devices, comprising a graphite flow field, a membrane electrode, an infrared window slot, and an infrared window flow field; the graphite flow field, membrane electrode, and infrared window slot are stacked together in sequence, and the infrared window flow field is engaged in the infrared window flow field slot; the infrared window flow field is made of an infrared transmitting material; and flow channels are provided on the infrared window flow field. This device can realize infrared spectroscopy detection of fuel cells or electrolyzers under operating conditions.

The invention relates to the field of gas detection, in particular to a mixed gas detection method and device based on an ultraviolet-infrared spectrum. The method comprises the following steps: respectively acquiring an ultraviolet spectrum and an infrared spectrum of target light; acquiring an ultraviolet signal-to-noise ratio of the ultraviolet spectrum and an infrared signal-to-noise ratio of the infrared spectrum; calculating an ultraviolet weight corresponding to the ultraviolet spectrum and an infrared weight corresponding to the infrared spectrum based on the ultraviolet signal-to-noise ratio and the infrared signal-to-noise ratio; fusing the ultraviolet spectrum and the infrared spectrum based on the ultraviolet weight and the infrared weight to obtain a fused spectrum; and obtaining the target gas concentration of each component gas in the mixed gas based on the fusion spectrum. According to the mixed gas detection method and device based on the ultraviolet-infrared spectrum provided by the invention, the technical effect of high-precision concentration detection of each component gas in the SF6 mixed gas can be realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of artificial intelligence, and discloses a polymerization additive centralized preparation and automatic conveying system and method.The system comprises an initial mixture obtaining module, a solvent optimization analysis module, a dynamic compensation calibration module, a solvent adjustment module and a quality control conveying decision module; obtaining an initial mixture; solvent optimization is carried out based on the deviation value of the initial mixture and the standard concentration product, and a solvent optimization proportion is obtained; performing dynamic ratio compensation analysis to obtain deviation configuration parameters; preparing an auxiliary mother solution according to the deviation configuration parameters, and performing solvent adjustment on the auxiliary mother solution and the initial mixture to obtain a target mixture; when the effective wave band intensity value of the infrared spectrum characteristic absorption peak of the target mixture and the infrared spectrum characteristic absorption peak of the standard concentration product is smaller than a critical threshold value, starting a conveying pump to convey the target mixture to the polymerization reaction kettle through a special pipeline; the centralized preparation efficiency of the polymerization additive can be improved.

This disclosure provides a vessel and methods for handling high-purity phosphorus fluoride compounds. The vessel can include a phosphorus fluoride component including a phosphorus fluoride compound with a purity of at least 99.9%, as measured by gas chromatography and / or infrared spectroscopy. Also disclosed is a method which includes obtaining a solid component containing a metal fluorophosphate compound and water, heating the solid component to remove water, and further heating to form a phosphorus fluoride compound with a purity of at least 99.9%, as measured by gas chromatography and / or infrared spectroscopy.

The invention relates to the technical field of infrared spectroscopy, provides a method for detecting doped substances in raw lacquer by using an infrared spectroscopy technology, and solves the problems that a traditional raw lacquer identification method mainly depends on experience judgment, is high in identification subjectivity and low in accuracy and is difficult to meet modern quality control and market supervision requirements. Comprising the following steps: (1) collecting an infrared spectrum of raw lacquer; (2) determining a threshold value; (3) preparing a dopant; (4) generating a simulated doping spectrogram; (5) determining a critical coefficient K; and (6) discriminating the doped sample.