The invention provides a locomotive pantograph-catenary hard point photoelectric vibration comprehensive detection and GPS positioning method. The method includes steps: conversion from arc light to electric signals, analysis and processing of the electric signals, analysis of vibration signals, obtaining of a hard point value via calculation, and GPS accurate positioning. A locomotive pantograph-catenary hard point photoelectric vibration comprehensive detection and GPS positioning system mainly comprises a photoelectric sensor, an acceleration sensor, a signal conditioning device, an isolation transformer, an acquisition card, a control computer, a display, a memory, and a GPS positioner. According to the method and the system, acceleration detection of the hard point and photoelectric detection of the hard point are effectively combined, more accurate discrimination of the hard point can be made via double discrimination, accurate positioning of the hard point of a contact system is realized by employing an advanced GPS positioning module, the search and maintenance of faults are simple, and failure to adapt to the development requirement of high-speed rails and false and missed judgments can be avoided.