The invention discloses a camera self-calibration method based on an absolute conic image, belonging to the technical field of image processing and camera calibration. The method comprises the following steps: extracting feature points and feature lines, calculating images of vanishing points, vanishing lines and imaginary circles; according to the image of the vanishing point and the imaginary circle, the image of the absolute quadratic curve is calculated and the intrinsic parameter matrix of the camera is obtained. The rotation matrix is calculated by using the orthogonal property of the rotation matrix, and the translation vector is calculated by using the position of the camera center in the world coordinate system. The Euler angle of the camera is calculated by comparing the erasingline calculated by perspective projection model with the erasing line obtained by fitting the erasing points. Normalization algorithm is used to solve the basic matrix, determine the constraint relationship between different images, and complete camera self-calibration. The invention has the advantages of designing a new target, which is simple, convenient and practical to calibrate, has wide practicability, improves the accuracy of data processing, and reduces the influence of coordinate transformation on data.