Low-density interconnected ionic material foams and methods of manufacture
a technology of ionic material foam and low density, applied in the direction of electro-forming nanostructures, coatings, transportation and packaging, etc., can solve the problems of limited practical application of conventional methods for fabricating limited practical applications of conventional methods for producing monolithic metallic nanoporous materials or foams, and difficulty in adapting to large-scale production. , to achieve the effect of improving the strength of materials
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example 1
[0073]In order to demonstrate the operational principles of the fabrication methods, several metal foams were prepared using the fabrication method shown schematically in FIG. 2. In this example, pure metal nanowire foams of Cu, Pd, Co and Ag were fabricated with a wide range of tunable densities.
[0074]Nanowires were grown by electrodeposition into nanoporous templates of various sizes and types, including anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes and polycarbonate membranes, to lengths of between 5 μm and 40 μm and diameters from about 50 nm to 200 nm.
[0075]Magnetron sputtering was used to coat thick conductive layers (200 nm to 500 nm) on the backsides of the membranes for use as working electrodes. For copper and cobalt nanowires, a 500 nm thick copper layer was coated onto the backside of the membrane to cover the template pores and to be used as a working electrode during electrodeposition. For silver, palladium, gold and platinum nanowires, a 500 nm gold working electrode was us...
example 2
[0084]Nanoindentation experiments were carried out on the foams produced with the methods shown in Example 1 to quantify the enhanced strength of the interconnected Cu nanowire foams. In order to perform nanoindentation measurements, cylindrical Cu foams with a 2 mm height and diameter were fabricated and strengthened using the oxidation / reduction process. The final foams ranged in densities from 8 mg / cm3 to 70 mg / cm3. The indenter tip was a 2 mm ruby sphere and measurements were conducted at room temperature and ambient laboratory humidity. The loading and unloading rate was kept constant at 100 μm / m. A sample loading / unloading curve is shown in FIG. 3.
[0085]Loading / unloading curves were derived for a 9 mg / cm3 strengthened Cu cylindrical foam with 2 mm in height and diameter. By measuring the initial slope of the unloading curve it was possible to extract the modulus of the subject material. The elastic modulus of each sample was extracted from the initial slope of the unloading cu...
example 3
[0090]One potential use of ultralow density metal foams is for use as high energy density laser targets due to their ability to be heated volumetrically that allows targets composed of high-Z elements to uniformly reach the extreme temperatures that are required for X-ray emission. Gas targets, oxides, metal-doped aerogels and metal-lined cavities have been employed previously for reaching the necessary effective density. However, the pure metal targets allow higher X-ray conversion efficiencies if the targets can be fabricated at densities low enough to allow volumetric heating while still maintaining mechanical stability.
[0091]To demonstrate the functionality of pure metal foam targets produced by the methods, spherical Cu targets (2 mm and 4 mm diameters) and cylindrical Ag targets (4 mm diameter and length) were produced to be used as targets for testing at the OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser facilities. The enhanced mechanical strength was critical to the u...
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