A verifiable post-quantum electronic voting system and an implementation method includes an authentication center, a user end, a verification server, a vote counting server, a verification program, and a bulletin board. The authentication center verifies the identity of a user, generates an identity ID for each valid user, and signs it; the user end proves its identity to the authentication center, receives an identity ID signature, encrypts a ballot, and sends a ballot ciphertext and the identity ID signature to the verification server; and the verification server, which comprises two servers, completes the verification of the validity of the ballot and homomorphic vote counting. The vote counting server decrypts partially homomorphic vote counting ciphertext and issues it on the bulletin board, and the verification program verifies whether the vote counting server has correctly counted the ballots.