The invention discloses a bridge cast-in-place concrete anti-collision guardrail formwork construction device and a construction method. The bridge cast-in-place concrete anti-collision guardrail formwork construction device comprises an outer form, an inner form, outer form jacking supports and inner form jacking supports, wherein the outer form is fixed on the outer form jacking supports and canmove up and down along with the outer form jacking supports, the inner form is fixed on the inner form jacking supports and can move up and down along with the inner form jacking supports, the bottomof the inner form and the bottom of the outer form are fixed through opposite-pulling screw rods, the upper end of the inner form and the upper end of the outer form are fixed through pull rods, longitudinal beams are fixed above the inner form jacking supports, transverse beams are fixed to the top ends of the longitudinal beams and extend above the outer form, holes are formed in the transversebeams so as to install limiting pins, the lower ends of the limiting pins are connected with the upper end of the outer form through bolts, and no relative displacement exists in the moving processesof the inner form and the outer form through the limiting pins. According to the bridge cast-in-place concrete anti-collision guardrail formwork construction device and the construction method, the operation is simple and convenient, cooperation of other machinery is not needed, pin shafts between all sections of forms are pulled out, and the jacking supports are used for jacking the forms, the forms can be manually pushed on the inner side of a guardrail, the forms can be moved to the next span of construction, safety and reliability are achieved, and the construction efficiency is high.