Benzopyrancarboxylic acid derivatives for the treatment of diabetes and lipid disorders

Abstract

A class of benzopyrancarboxylic acid derivatives comprises compounds that are potent agonists of PPAR alpha and / or gamma, and are therefore useful in the treatment, control or prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, vascular restenosis, inflammation, and other PPAR alpha and / or gamma mediated diseases, disorders and conditions.

Description

The instant invention is concerned with benzopyrancarboxylic acids and related heterocyclic compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof which are useful as therapeutic compounds, particularly in the treatment and prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, often referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), of conditions that are often associated with this disease, and of lipid disorders.Diabetes refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose or hyperglycemia in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both directly and indirectly with alterations of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism and other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Therefore patients with Typ...

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Problems solved by technology

Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality.

Therefore patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are at especially increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy.

In type 2 diabetes, or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), patients often have plasma insulin levels that are the same or even elevated compared to nondiabetic subjects; however, these patients have developed a resistance to the insulin stimulating effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, which are muscle, liver and adipose tissues, and the plasma insulin levels, while elevated, are insufficient to overcome the pronounced insulin resistance.

This resistance to insulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver.

The available treatments for type 2 diabetes, which have not changed substantially in many years, have recognized limitations.

While physical exercise and reductions in dietary intake of calories will dramatically improve the diabetic condition, compliance with this treatment is very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high amounts of saturated fat.

However, dangerously low levels of plasma glucose can result from these last two treatments, and increasing insulin resistance due to the even higher plasma insulin levels can occur.

However, the two biguanides, phenformin and metformin, can induce lactic acidosis and nausea / diarrhea, respectively.

An example of an HDL raising agent is nicotinic acid, a drug with limited utility because doses that achieve HDL raising are associated with undesirable effects, such as flushing.

In addition, concentrations of HDL are often low.

Although glitazones are beneficial in the treatment of NIDDM, there have been some serious adverse events associated with the use of the compounds.

The most serious of these has been liver toxicity, which has resulted in a number of deaths.

The most serious problems have occurred using troglitazone, which was recently withdrawn from the U.S. market due to these concerns about toxicity.

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