46 results about "Acidosis" patented technology

The compositions comprise at least two ingredients selected from the group consisting of fish oil, L-arginine, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12, and are formulated for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition associated with muscle decline in a subject in need thereof. Preferably, the subject in need is an individual at risk of or having renal failure, renal dysfunction or / and nephropathy, such as chronic nephropathy, protein energy consumption, end-stage nephropathy, renal failure due to hospitalization in an intensive care unit, acute kidney injury, and the muscle decline is selected from the group consisting of muscle depletion, muscle loss due to renal failure or dysfunction, muscle decline associated with chronic kidney disease, muscle loss due to hospitalization in intensive care units during renal failure, metabolic acidosis during chronic kidney disease, protein energy depletion, or a combination thereof. The method enables the prevention and / or treatment of at least one outcome of a disease or condition associated with muscle decline in a subject at risk of or having renal failure, renal dysfunction or / and kidney disease. The composition and the method can be used to improve the level of at least one amino acid.

S-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid compositions for oral delivery are effective in rapidly raising blood ketone levels without causing acute acidosis or gastrointestinal (GI) distress when consumed in sufficiently dilute form and / or as a gel or suspension. By limiting added beta-hydroxybutyrate salts containing alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions, gels, or suspensions can deliver exogenous ketone bodies without significantly altering electrolyte balance. Although aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions are moderately acidic with a pH of about 3.5 to 4, when diluted with sufficient water, the water acts as a pseudo buffering agent that offsets otherwise harsh acidic effects when consumed orally. Gels and suspensions can also ameliorate acidic effects by partially encapsulating the beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid or a non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid relative to R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

The invention provides amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising one or more electrodes designed to monitor in vivo levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (and optionally glucose as well) in order to facilitate the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. The invention further includes compositions, elements and methods useful with such amperometric analyte sensor systems.

The invention discloses a DKA combined AP risk prediction model based on multi-index fusion, a medium and equipment, and relates to the technical field of medical health and artificial intelligence, and the risk prediction model comprises a preprocessing unit which is used for carrying out the standardization processing of basic data and clinical data of a diabetic ketoacidosis patient, the clinical data comprises stomachache symptoms, C reactive protein level and serum lipase level; the screening unit is used for screening the basic data according to an exclusion mechanism; the data integration unit is used for obtaining the probability of occurrence of DKA and AP events by combining the following formula according to the screening result: Q = 1 / (1 + e-(beta0 + beta1 * stomachache + beta2 * CRP + beta3 * LPS)); and the output unit is used for outputting the probability calculated by the data integration unit as a result. Under the emergency treatment scene, the risk of acute pancreatitis complicated by the diabetic ketoacidosis patient can be rapidly evaluated, and a good preposed basis is provided for clinical decision making.

The present invention relates to the use of selective aquaporin inhibitors, e.g., of aquaporin-4 or aquaporin-2, e.g., certain phenylbenzamide compounds, for the prophylaxis, treatment and control of aquaporin-mediated conditions, e.g., diseases of water imbalance, for example edema (particularly edema of the brain and spinal cord, e.g., following trauma or ischemic stroke, as well as the edema associated with glioma, meningitis, acute mountain sickness, epileptic seizures, infections, metabolic disorders, hypoxia, water intoxication, hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, abscess, eclampsia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and lupus cerebritis, as well as edema consequent to microgravity and / or radiation exposure, as well as edema consequent to invasive central nervous system procedures, e.g., neurosurgery, endovascular clot removal, spinal tap, aneurysm repair, or deep brain stimulation, as well as retinal edema), as well as hyponatremia and excess fluid retention, and diseases such as epilepsy, retinal ischemia and other diseases of the eye associated with abnormalities in intraocular pressure and / or tissue hydration, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia / reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypoxia, congestive heart failure, sepsis, and neuromyelitis optica, as well as migraines, as well as to novel assays for identifying aquaporin inhibitors.

Embodiments of the present invention include methods of targeting acidosis (low pH) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the use of cathodic electrochemical reactions (CER). Low pH is oncogenic by supporting immunosuppression. Electrochemical reactions create local pH effects when a current passes through an electrolytic substrate such as biological tissue. Electrolysis has been used with electroporation (destabilization of the lipid bilayer via an applied electric potential) to increase cell death areas. However, the regulated increase of pH through only the cathode electrode has been ignored as a possible method to alleviate TME acidosis, which could provide substantial immunotherapeutic benefits. Here, ex vivo modeling shows that CERs can intentionally elevate pH to an anti-tumor level and that increased alkalinity promotes activation of naïve macrophages. Embodiments of the invention include pairing CER treatment protocols with existing electric field-based cancer therapies or use as a stand-alone therapy.

The invention discloses a dynamic evaluation system which comprises a database and a deep learning model. The database is used for collecting multiple indexes of a user in real time, the deep learning model performs prediction based on the multiple indexes, and the real-time recommended dosage of sodium bicarbonate used by the user is predicted; the database comprises an acquisition baseline index, an information index and an end index; the deep learning model comprises a preprocessing unit, an XGBOOST calculation unit, an SHAP analysis unit, a regression prediction sub-model and an output unit. Based on the indexes of various physiological parameters of the user, especially the important function of the chloride ion level in metabolic acidosis analysis, accurate prediction is performed in the deep learning model, so that the real-time recommended dosage of sodium bicarbonate is accurately output, and the curative effect is effectively improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of feed additives, in particular to a sustained-release composition for solving ruminant rumen acidosis as well as a preparation method and application of the sustained-release composition. The composition is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 30 to 60 parts of complex microbial inoculant capsules, 10 to 30 parts of thiamine, 5 to 15 parts of light calcium carbonate, 5 to 15 parts of magnesium oxide, 8 to 18 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 2 to 5 parts of rare earth elements, 3 to 8 parts of rhizoma coptidis, 5 to 15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, 4 to 9 parts of poria cocos and 2 to 5 parts of rhizoma corydalis. The complex microbial inoculant capsule at least comprises parabacteroides dieldrii, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, enterococcus faecalis and lactobacillus rosenbergii; the rare earth element is a mixture of lanthanum nitrate and cerous nitrate, and the mass ratio of lanthanum nitrate to cerous nitrate is 1: 1. The composition can be used for preventing and treating ruminant rumen acidosis, can be slowly released in the stomach due to the slow release effect, and does not need to be used as a feed additive all the time.

The invention provides a ruminant rumen health monitoring and conditioning integrated device and an acidosis prevention method, and relates to the technical field of rumen monitoring, the ruminant rumen health monitoring and conditioning integrated device comprises a fixed seat, a fixed cylinder is fixed at the bottom of the fixed seat, an elastic plate is fixed at the bottom of the fixed cylinder, and a movable cylinder is fixed at one end of the bottom of the elastic plate; and a limiting plate is movably mounted on the side of the fixed seat. A rotating seat rotates on a rotating ring, the rotating seat drives a threaded column to move upwards when rotating, the threaded column moves upwards through a positioning pipe and a positioning column, the positioning column moves upwards to drive a supporting disc to move, and the supporting disc moves to push a supporting rod to open towards the side; after the supporting rod is unfolded, the elastic plate circularly expands to form a supporting point from the interior of the animal, the elastic plate is matched with the fixed seat to achieve extrusion sealing installation under different thicknesses, and the movable barrel drives the initial height of the monitoring assembly to be adjusted under the movement of the elastic plate.

The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine composition for preventing and treating cattle hoof diseases as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of veterinary traditional Chinese medicines. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 to 40 parts of honeysuckle flower, 15 to 20 parts of herba artemisiae scopariae, 20 to 25 parts of radix astragali seu hedysari, 12 to 18 parts of poria cocos, 10 to 15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, 6 to 12 parts of radix angelicae sinensis, 4 to 8 parts of radix paeoniae rubra, 12 to 18 parts of rhizoma dioscoreae, 9 to 13 parts of fructus cnidii, 8 to 12 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae and 5 to 10 parts of liquorice root. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is scientific in formula, has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating dampness and astringing sores, tonifying qi and activating blood, relieving swelling and pain and strengthening tendons and bones through combination of the medicines, can effectively prevent and treat common hoof diseases such as foot rot, cattle laminitis and hoof abscess caused by factors such as acidosis, bacterial infection and downward flow of damp-heat, and has the advantages of remarkable curative effect, no medicine residue, high safety and the like.

The invention provides amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising one or more electrodes designed to monitor in vivo levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (and optionally glucose as well) in order to facilitate the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. The invention further includes dual layer membrane compositions, elements and methods useful with such amperometric analyte sensor systems.

A traditional Chinese medicine compound for nourishing yin, clearing heat and removing blood stasis for treating primary Sjögren's syndrome combined with renal tubular acidosis and its preparation method, belonging to the field of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparations. The traditional Chinese medicine compound for nourishing yin, clearing heat and removing blood stasis is composed of Achyranthes bidentata, Rhizoma Alismatis, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Fructus Cuscutae, Fructus Rosae Laevigatae, Fructus Cuscutae, Rhizoma Gentianae, Rhizoma Phragmites, Cortex Moutan, Solanum nigrum, Astragalus, Plantago, Dendrobium, Atractylodes, Fructus Corni, Leonurus japonicus, and Licorice. This disease is a syndrome of deficiency in the root and excess in the superficial, or a mixture of deficiency and excess, with kidney yin deficiency as the root and damp-heat and blood stasis as the superficial, the two being mutually causal. Kidney yin deficiency leads to the internal generation of virtual fire, burning body fluid and causing dryness. In addition, due to the internal heat of yin deficiency, the body fluid is refined into phlegm, which accumulates in the three energizers, obstructing the qi flow, generating internal damp heat. The damp heat is long-term trapped in the kidney meridians, causing qi stagnation and blood stasis, forming a state of "dampness, heat, and blood stasis" obstruction, ultimately presenting a syndrome of deficiency in the root and excess in the superficial, or a mixture of deficiency and excess. Therefore, the present invention combines these drugs to produce a synergistic effect on the efficacy of each drug, thereby achieving the effects of nourishing yin and tonifying the kidney, clearing away heat and dampness, and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.

The present invention may be directed to compositions and methods for the treatment of alopecia / epilation, which may include the treatment of alopecia conditions. Compositions and methods relate to oral supplements of oral minoxidil, including an SLC22A9 inducer, an HIF-alpha inducer, and / or an acidulant. Acidification of blood in patients with alopecia may cause mild acidosis, which may up-regulate SLC22A9 and / or down-regulate AABC3. Inducing SLC22A9, inducing HIF-alpha, and / or acidifying the patient's blood can promote oral form of minoxidil into hair follicles.

The invention belongs to the field of animal nutrition and feed science, and relates to a feeding technology capable of improving production performance, body health (immunity and oxidation resistance) and economic benefit of mutton sheep and improving rumen pH value, blood buffer capability and blood acid-base balance maintaining capability, namely preventing chronic rumen acidosis, and a daily ration preparation method thereof. According to the feeding technology and the daily ration preparation method, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamine) is added into the mutton sheep high-concentrate daily ration (the concentrate-to-coarse ratio is 6: 4), the adding level is 0.5 mg / kg in terms of dry matter per kg of the daily ration, it is at least guaranteed that the pre-feeding period is 7 days and the positive test period is 30 days or above in the feeding time of the mutton sheep, the production performance, the organism immunity, the oxidation resistance and the economic benefits of the mutton sheep can be improved, and the mutton sheep feed is suitable for large-scale production. The pH value of the rumen, the blood buffering power and the blood acid-base balance maintaining capacity are improved, namely the effect of preventing chronic acidosis of the rumen is achieved, and the mutton sheep feed additive is suitable for mutton sheep with the weight being 34 kg or above. The method is easy to operate and safe in production, and a new thought and method are provided for preventing chronic rumen acidosis under the condition that mutton sheep are fed with high-concentrate daily ration.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical apparatus and instruments, in particular to an anesthesia monitoring system for connection of tumor cell debilitation and intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy. The system comprises: a cardiopulmonary monitoring module configured to collect cardiopulmonary key indexes of a to-be-monitored object in real time from a tumor cell deficit anesthesia guide period; the body temperature monitoring module is configured to monitor the body temperature of a to-be-monitored object in real time and obtain a body temperature change baseline value; the acidosis intervention confirmation module is configured to preventively generate acidosis intervention information corresponding to the to-be-monitored object; the control module is configured to process the cardiopulmonary key indexes, the body temperature change data and the acidosis intervention state based on a preset algorithm to generate an anesthesia depth adjusting signal, the preset algorithm is configured to enable the cardiopulmonary key indexes, the body temperature change data, the acidosis intervention state and the mechanical retardation effect to form a correlation calculation model which decreases progressively; and adjusting the anesthesia depth in real time based on the anesthesia depth adjusting signal.

This invention belongs to the field of biochemistry, and specifically relates to a β-hydroxybutyrylation modification biomarker of OXCT1 and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of ketoacidosis. A biomarker for ketoacidosis is a β-hydroxybutyrylation modification of lysine 421 on the OXCT1 protein. This biomarker is used in the diagnosis of ketoacidosis by detecting the Kbhb modification level of OXCT1 and the expression level of OXCT1 in various ketone body utilizing organs, serving as an auxiliary diagnostic indicator for ketoacidosis. In the treatment of ketoacidosis, the Kbhb modification of lysine 421 on the OXCT1 protein is used as a therapeutic target for patients with ketoacidosis, and can be applied to the treatment of ketoacidosis to reduce blood ketone levels. This invention proposes a new diagnostic and treatment method for ketoacidosis. The biomarker can also be used to prepare diagnostic reagents or kits for ketoacidosis.

The present disclosure provides methods for treating, preventing, ameliorates, inhibits, or delaying the onset of Leigh syndrome as well as methods for ameliorating, inhibiting, ameliorates, inhibits, or delaying the onset of its associated signs and / or symptoms, such as exercise-induced acid acidosis, and increases in plasma levels of growth factor 15 (GDF-15) and / or fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject various compounds, mixtures of compounds or compositions, formulations or medicaments derived therefrom.

The present application relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine, and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of lactating piglets, which effectively solves the problem that the prior art is only directed to the transmissible gastroenteritis with a low mortality rate of the piglets or sows with a mild disease, is not directed to the TGE with a high mortality rate of the lactating piglets with a severe disease, and cannot rapidly correct the problems of dehydration and acidosis of the lactating piglets, compared with the prior art, the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the TGE of the lactating piglets comprises Nansha-Shen, Beisha-Shen, Shihu, Yuzhu, Oyster, and can nourish Yin and produce body fluid, can effectively improve the dehydration and metabolic acidosis of the lactating piglets, and achieve the effects of treating the TGE and reducing the mortality rate, and the reasonable process is adopted to prepare the traditional Chinese medicine composition, so that the traditional Chinese medicine composition is convenient to use.

The present invention relates to an orally administrable pharmaceutical dosage form configured to target delivery to the distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract of a human subject, the pharmaceutical dosage form comprising lanthanum or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or oxide thereof. The present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical dosage form used in the treatment of hyperoxaluria in a human subject, optionally wherein the hyperoxaluria is primary hyperoxaluria or secondary hyperoxaluria; and / or a pharmaceutical dosage form used in the treatment of one or more of nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis or oxalosis in a human subject.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological medicine, in particular to application of tripterine or medicinal salt thereof in preparation of medicine for treating ketoacidosis or symptoms caused by ketoacidosis. The invention provides application of tripterine or medicinal salt thereof in preparation of a medicine for treating ketoacidosis or symptoms caused by ketoacidosis. The result of the specific embodiment of the invention shows that the tripterine can obviously reduce the mouse serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid level caused by hunger; the tripterine can be used for remarkably reducing the expression of HMGCS2 in the liver of a mouse; the dapagliflozin remarkably promotes the level of beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and the tripterine remarkably reduces the level of mouse serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid caused by treatment of the dapagliflozin. Therefore, tripterine can be used for treating or improving ketoacidosis or symptoms caused by ketoacidosis. The invention provides a new technical scheme for treatment and improvement of ketoacidosis or symptoms caused by ketoacidosis.

A system includes an analyte measurement system and a software application operatively coupled to the analyte measurement system. The analyte measurement system is configured to measure an analyte of a patient. The software application is configured to retrieve sensor data of the analyte level, analyte rate of change, or both; detect at least one condition associated with the sensor data; and provide a notification to the patient associated with the at least one detected condition. Advantageously the system can detect current or impending adverse conditions (such as an insulin deficiency), provide custom notifications (e.g., warnings, recommendations, guidance) to the patient to act, prompt the patient for additional information relevant to the detected condition, continuously monitor glucose and ketone levels in real-time, control insulin delivery based on ketone level, and mitigate the risk of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA).

The invention provides a composition for preventing or treating acidic urinary stone of pets and application of the composition. The composition comprises citrate, N-acetylglucosamine, a corn stigma extract and a lysimachia christinae hance extract. The citrate can compete with oxalate ions and is preferentially combined with calcium ions to form a soluble calcium citrate compound, so that formation and growth of calcium oxalate crystals are inhibited, and kidney metabolic acidosis caused by improper acidification of urine is prevented. N-acetylglucosamine can repair a glycosaminoglycan layer of a bladder mucosa, reduce crystal adhesion and urethra stimulation, inhibit bacteria from adhering to the urethra, and reduce calculus and infection risks; the corn stigma extract is used for diluting the oxalic acid concentration of urine by increasing the urine volume of pets; the active ingredients of the lysimachia christinae hance extract can relieve urinary tract inflammation and smooth muscle spasm and relieve pain. The composition provided by the invention can effectively reduce formation of acidic urinary stones of pets, prevent bacterial adhesion and recurrent cystitis, and improve urinary system health of pets.

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The invention relates to the technical field of pharmaceutical preparations, in particular to a sodium bicarbonate Ringer's injection and a preparation method thereof. According to the invention, sodium bicarbonate is efficiently encapsulated in carboxyl modified PEGylated lipidosome, and is integrated into a standard Ringer electrolyte system, so that a high-stability, precipitate-free and slow-release acid-base regulation function is realized, and the long-standing problems of precipitation and degradation of the sodium bicarbonate Ringer injection are solved; the method is suitable for metabolic acidosis treatment and perioperative period management, and has an important clinical application value and a wide industrialization prospect.

The invention provides a composite freeze-dried brewing grain for maintaining health of urinary systems of pets and preventing auresis and a preparation method of the composite freeze-dried brewing grain, and relates to the field of pet foods. The composite freeze-dried brewing grain for maintaining the health of the urinary system of the pet and preventing the closed urine disease comprises a composite freeze-dried staple food grain and urinary health nutrition powder which are mutually independent. According to the composite freeze-dried brewing grain capable of maintaining the health of the urinary system of the pet and preventing the closed urine disease and the preparation method of the composite freeze-dried brewing grain, disclosed by the invention, the risks of nutrient imbalance, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia induction in the prior art are effectively avoided, and the composite freeze-dried brewing grain is good in palatability and high in safety; by means of multi-dimensional systematic intervention of physical dilution, chemical regulation, barrier repair and anti-inflammatory relieving, urine crystal precipitation is inhibited, bladder intima is protected, bladder smooth muscle is relaxed, and the purposes of maintaining pet urinary system health and preventing closed urine diseases are achieved fundamentally.

Embodiments can relate to a method for coloring or re-pigmenting hair by administering a composition containing an alkalizing agent to a subject, wherein the alkalizing agent increases melanin production in a hair bulb of the subject. Additional embodiments can relate to inducing redness in skin, wherein the alkalizing agent increases melanin production of the subject to increase redness of the skin. Additional embodiments can relate to treating vitiligo, wherein the alkalizing agent increases melanin production of the subject. Additional embodiments can relate to treating metabolic acidosis, wherein the alkalizing agent reduces blood acidity of the subject.

The invention discloses a yin-nourishing, heat-clearing and stasis-dispersing traditional Chinese medicine compound for treating primary sicca syndrome complicated with renal tubular acidosis and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparations. The traditional Chinese medicine compound for nourishing yin, clearing heat and dispersing blood stasis is prepared from radix achyranthis bidentatae, rhizoma alismatis, radix rehmanniae recen, angelica sinensis, fructus broussonetiae, fructus rosae laevigatae, semen cuscutae, caragana sinica rehd, rhizoma phragmitis, moutan bark, nightshade, astragalus membranaceus, semen plantaginis, dendrobe, rhizoma atractylodis, dogwood, leonurus and liquorice. The disease is a symptom of deficiency in root and excess in superficies, and is mainly caused by deficiency of kidney yin and is caused by damp heat and blood stasis, and the deficiency and excess are causal to each other. The kidney yin deficiency causes internal generation of deficiency fire and dryness caused by body fluid burning, and is caused by yin deficiency and internal heat, phlegm generation, triple jiao accumulation, qi movement obstruction, internal generation of damp heat, friedel on kidney collaterals, qi stagnation and blood stasis, formation of a'damp, heat and stasis' interstitial resistance state, final cost deficiency and superficies syndrome, and deficiency and excess inclusion of deficiency and excess. Therefore, the medicines are combined to generate a synergistic effect to jointly achieve the effects of nourishing yin and tonifying kidney, clearing heat and promoting diuresis, and promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis.

The invention provides a metabolic acidosis risk assessment method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: allocating an initial metabolic acidosis risk level to a target patient based on initial medical data of the target patient, and determining an initial detection item set of the target patient based on the initial metabolic acidosis risk level; wherein the metabolic acidosis risk grade is divided into high risk, medium risk and low risk; dynamically updating the metabolic acidosis risk level of the target patient and the matched detection item set based on the real-time medical data corresponding to the detection item set of the target patient, and dynamically updating the metabolic acidosis risk level of the target patient and the matched detection item set based on the real-time metabolic acidosis risk level of the target patient and the real-time medical data corresponding to the detection item set. And carrying out metabolic acidosis risk early warning. The accuracy and efficiency of metabolic acidosis risk assessment can be improved, and then the medical safety and efficiency are greatly improved.

The invention provides amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising one or more electrodes designed to monitor in vivo levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (and optionally glucose as well) in order to facilitate the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. The invention further includes compositions, elements and methods useful with such amperometric analyte sensor systems.

S-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid compositions for oral delivery are effective in rapidly raising blood ketone levels without causing acute acidosis or gastrointestinal (GI) distress when consumed in sufficiently dilute form and / or as a gel or suspension. By limiting added beta-hydroxybutyrate salts containing alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions, gels, or suspensions can deliver exogenous ketone bodies without significantly altering electrolyte balance. Although aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions are moderately acidic with a pH of about 3.5 to 4, when diluted with sufficient water, the water acts as a pseudo buffering agent that offsets otherwise harsh acidic effects when consumed orally. Gels and suspensions can also ameliorate acidic effects by partially encapsulating the beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid or a non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid relative to R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.