The invention relates to a sewage treatment optimizing operation system and method under a high discharge standard, and belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment. The sewage treatment optimizing operation system comprises a pre-hypoxia tank, an anaerobic tank, a hypoxia tank, an aerobic tank, a selection tank, an oxygen elimination enhancing tank, an endogenous denitrification tank, a post-hypoxia tank, a post-aerobic tank, a secondary sedimentation tank and a deep treatment unit; a sludge backflow system is arranged between the secondary sedimentation tank and the pre-hypoxia tank, the tail end of the aerobic tank is provided with an online ammonia nitrogen instrument, the post-hypoxia tank is provided with a post-hypoxia tank carbon source putting system, and the deep treatmentunit is provided with a chemical phosphorus removal agentia putting system. According to the sewage treatment optimizing operation system, the oxygen elimination enhancing tank is arranged to controlthe carbon source loss of the hypoxia tank and the post-hypoxia tank; by optimizing setting of carbon source putting points, the tank volume utilization rate of the hypoxia tank is increased, and internal carbon sources are sufficiently utilized accordingly; through the arrangement of the endogenous denitrification tank, denitrification enhancing measures of endogenous denitrification are enhanced; meanwhile, by optimizing setting of chemical phosphorus removal agentia putting points, the biological phosphorus removal efficiency is recovered.