Assembly and screening of highly complex and fully human antibody repertoire in yeast

Abstract

Compositions, methods, and kits are provided for efficiently generating and screening a library of highly diverse protein complexes for their ability to bind to other proteins or oligonucleotide sequences. In one aspect of the invention, a library of expression vectors is provided for expressing the library of protein complexes. The library comprises a first nucleotide sequence encoding a first polypeptide subunit; and a second nucleotide sequence encoding a second polypeptide subunit. The first and second nucleotide sequences each independently vary within the library of expression vectors. In addition, the first and second polypeptide subunit are expressed as separate proteins which self-assemble to form a protein complex, such as a double-chain antibody fragment (dcFv or Fab) and a fully assembled antibody, in cells into which the library of expression vectors are introduced. The library of expression vectors can be efficiently generated in yeast cells through homologous recombination; and the encoded proteins complexes with high binding affinity to their target molecule can be selected by high throughput screening in vivo or in vitro.

Description

CROSS REFERNCE TO RELATED APPLICATION[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09 / 703,399, filed Oct. 31, 2000, entitled "Assembly And Screening Of Highly Complex And Fully Human Antibody Repertoire In Yeast." This application is hereby incorporated by reference.[0002] 1. Field of the Invention[0003] This invention relates to compositions, methods and kits for generating libraries of recombinant expression vectors and using these libraries in screening of affinity-binding pairs, and, more particularly, for generating libraries of recombinant human antibodies and screening for their affinity binding with target antigens.[0004] 2. Description of Related Art[0005] Antibodies are a diverse class of molecules. Delves, P. J. (1997) "Antibody production: essential techniques", New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 90-113. It is estimated that even in the absence of antigen stimulation a human makes at least 10.sup.15 different antibody molecules--its Permian antibody ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0130] An advantage of the present invention is that the overall process of generating, selecting and optimizing large, diverse libraries of antibodies mimics the process of natural antibody diversification and maturation in a mammal. In the natural process of antibody affinity maturation, the affinity of the antibodies against their antigen(s) is progressively increased with the passage of time after immunization, largely due to the accumulation of point mutations specifically in the coding sequences of both the heavy- and light-chain variable regions.

[0131] According to the present invention, extensive diversification is achieved by recombination and mutagenesis of the V.sub.H and V.sub.L chain libraries derived from a wide variety of sources including natural and artificial or synthetic sources. The homologous combination of V.sub.H and V.sub.L in vivo to form the primary library of single-chain antibodies mimics the natural process of antibody gene assembly from different pools of gene segments encoding V.sub.H and V.sub.L of the antibodies. Since the method is preferably practiced with yeast cells, the highly efficient homologous recombination in yeast is particularly useful to facilitate such assembly of V.sub.H and V.sub.L in vivo.

[0132] The fast proliferation rate of yeast cells and ease of handling makes a process of "molecular evolution" dramatically shorter than the natural process of antibody affinity maturation in a mammal. Therefore, antibody repertoires with extremely high diversity can be produced and screened directly in yeast cells at a much lower cost and higher efficiency than prior processes such as the painstaking, stepwise "humanization" of monoclonal murine antibodies isolated by using the conventional hybridoma technology (a "protein redesign") or the recently-developed XENOMOUSE.TM. technology.

[0133] According to the "protein redesign" approach, murine monoclonal antibodies of desired antigen specificity are modified or "humanized" in vitro in an attempt to reshape the murine antibody to resemble more closely its human counterpart while retaining the original antigen-binding specificity. Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332:323-327. This humanization demands extensive, systematic genetic engineering of the murine antibody, which could take months, if not years. Additionally, extensive modification of the backbone of the murine monoclonal antibody may result in reduced specificity and affinity.

[0134] In comparison, by using the method of the present invention, fully human antibodies with high affinity to a specified antigen or antigens can be screened and isolated directly from yeast cells without going through site-by-site modification of the antibody, and without sacrifice of specificity and affinity of the selected antibodies.

[0135] The XENOMOUSE.TM. technology has been used to generate fully human antibodies with high affinity by creating strains of transgenic mice that produce human antibodies while suppressing the endogenous murine Ig heavy- and light-chain loci. However, the breeding of such strains of transgenic mice and selection of high affinity antibodies can take a long period of time. The antigen against which the pool of the human antibody is selected has to be recognized by the mouse as a foreign antigen in order to mount immune response; antibodies against a target antigen that does not have immunogenicity in a mouse may not be able to be selected by using this technology.

Problems solved by technology

In addition, bacteria do not readily process, assemble, or express / secrete functional antibodies.

However, the breeding of such strains of transgenic mice and selection of high affinity antibodies can take a long period of time.

Further, the antigen against which the pool of the human antibody is selected has to be recognized by the mouse as a foreign antigen in order to mount immune response; antibodies against a target antigen that does not have immunogenicity in a mouse may not be able selected by using this technology.

In addition, there may be a regulatory issue regarding the use of transgenic animals, such as transgenic goats (developed by Genzyme Transgenics, Framingham, Mass.) and chickens (developed by Geneworks, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich

.), to produce antibody, as well as safety issues concerning containment of transgenic animals infected with recombinant viral vectors.

However, due to the long growth circles of plants screening for antibody with high binding affinity toward a target antigen may not be efficient and feasible for high throughput screening in plants.

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