163 results about "Proliferation rate" patented technology

The invention relates to the field of multi-modal learning, in particular to a colorectal cancer drug chemotherapy reaction prediction system and a storage medium, and a computer program in the storage medium executes the following steps: constructing a PDO model and a PDOX model based on tumor cells; obtaining a standardized median inhibitory concentration value and a standardized relative tumor proliferation rate of the colorectal cancer patient by utilizing the PDO model and the PDOX model; based on the obtained medical record and pathological examination of the colorectal cancer patient, obtaining the age, ASA score, Ki-67 index, combined positive score and clinical outcome of the patient, and further constructing a sample set in combination with a standardized median inhibitory concentration value and a standardized relative tumor proliferation rate; and constructing a model for predicting the chemotherapy reaction of the colorectal cancer drug on the basis of multi-factor logistic regression, training and evaluating the model by using the sample set, and performing chemotherapy guidance on a to-be-treated colorectal cancer patient. The problems that in the prior art, chemotherapy reaction prediction of the colorectal cancer patient is not accurate enough and low in efficiency are solved.

The invention provides cubilose peptide and a key preparation method of cubilose peptide maternity cubilose, and the preparation method of the cubilose peptide comprises the following steps: soaking dry cubilose in pure water at 0-4 DEG C according to a material-liquid ratio of 1: 10 for 2 hours, scattering, and spin-drying to obtain soaked cubilose; mixing the soaked cubilose with pure water according to a mass ratio of 1: (15-20), sealing, stewing at 121-123 DEG C for 12-15 minutes, cooling to room temperature, and repeatedly stewing once to obtain fresh stewed cubilose; carrying out an in-vitro digestion experiment on the freshly stewed cubilose, and simulating the digestion process of the freshly stewed cubilose in gastrointestinal tracts to obtain digested cubilose; and centrifuging the digested cubilose to obtain a supernatant, treating the supernatant, carrying out protein sequencing, and carrying out on-line database comparison to screen out peptide fragments with high matching degree and response value greater than 109, thereby obtaining the cubilose peptide. The cubilose peptide can significantly improve the proliferation rate of nerve cells, and provides a cell basis for the development of a nervous system.

The invention provides application of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in preparation of a medicine for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, and relates to the technical field of biological medicines. The invention further discloses application of the Fe3O4 nano-particles in preparation of a medicine for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. The research result of the invention emphasizes that the ferroferric oxide nanoparticles are a promising candidate drug for targeted therapy of BPH and related prostate diseases, and new possibility is provided for treatment intervention of urinary surgery. The inventor studies the effect of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in inhibiting benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of the inventor show that the nanoparticles not only effectively reduce the proliferation rate of prostate cells, but also improve related biochemical indexes. Therefore, the polypeptide has potential application in treatment of prostatic hyperplasia.

The invention relates to a method for promoting nerve cell proliferation and differentiation based on ultrasonic stimulation and application, and belongs to the technical field of biomedicine. According to the method, under the conditions that the power is 90-110 mW and the frequency is 0.9-1.1 MHz, nerve cells are continuously stimulated for 3 days by ultrasonic waves once per day, and each time lasts for 2-4 min. The purposes of increasing the nerve cell proliferation speed and promoting nerve cell differentiation are achieved only through ultrasonic stimulation under specific conditions for the first time, no other substances are added, non-invasion and non-contact are achieved, and toxic and side effects on cells are low; the nerve cells are not subjected to invasive or modified operation; the method has a wide application prospect only through physical conditions.

The invention discloses a culture method for improving proliferation and differentiation capacity of NK (Natural Killer) cells based on angelica sinensis-astragalus membranaceus exosomes, which comprises the following steps: firstly extracting exosomes in angelica sinensis and astragalus membranaceus, then adding the exosomes into an NK cell culture system according to a specific concentration, and regulating and controlling an NK cell signal channel by virtue of active ingredients carried by the exosomes so as to improve the proliferation and differentiation capacity of the NK cells. Therefore, the proliferation rate and differentiation maturity of the NK cells are remarkably improved. Experimental results show that compared with a traditional culture method, the proliferation multiple of the NK cells cultured through the method is increased by 28.99%-33.69%, the proportion of differentiated mature cells is increased by 15.91%-28.30%, and the cell killing activity is not remarkably reduced. The method can be widely applied to the field of immune cell treatment, provides a high-quality NK cell source for clinic, effectively solves the problems of slow cell proliferation rate, low differentiation maturity, easy activity reduction after large-scale culture and the like in traditional NK cell in-vitro culture, and has important clinical application value and industrialization prospect.

The invention discloses an egg yolk polypeptide capable of improving learning cognitive ability and a preparation method and application thereof, and the egg yolk polypeptide capable of improving learning cognitive ability is obtained by combining ultrasonic alkali treatment with alkaline protease enzymolysis and desalting by using an integrated membrane separation technology. According to the preparation method, the compact structure of the yolk can be destroyed through the ultrasonic alkali treatment and the enzymolysis process, the enzymolysis efficiency of the yolk can be improved, a large number of bioactive peptides are released, the bioactive peptide yield of a final product is stabilized to be 60% or above, the molecular weight of the bioactive peptides is intensively distributed to be 180-2000 Da, and the nutrition utilization rate is improved. The egg yolk polypeptide prepared by the method can significantly increase the value-added rate of nerve cells and improve the spatial memory ability and cognitive flexibility of mice, ultrasonic alkali treatment is combined with biological enzymolysis, no organic solvent or strong acid and strong alkali is added, and the production process of natural protein hydrolysate is natural and safe and meets the food-grade safety production standard.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological information processing, in particular to a CIK cell preparation method and system.The CIK cell preparation method comprises the following steps that cell density data of a time sequence is collected, an autocorrelation function value and a partial autocorrelation function value are calculated, a first-order difference sequence and a second-order difference sequence are extracted, ADF statistics and KPSS statistics are calculated according to the difference sequences, and the CIK cell density data is obtained. And comparing the statistical magnitude range to judge the stationarity of the time sequence, and generating stationary cell density sequence data. According to the method, through extraction and optimization of the lag correlation value and the partial correlation value, the accuracy of model parameters is enhanced, reliable support is provided for dynamic correction and conjoint analysis of the future cell proliferation rate, abnormal points are accurately recognized based on analysis of the difference mean value and the weighted accumulation value, the anomaly detection efficiency is remarkably improved, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. Dynamic adjustment of culture conditions is realized by combining abnormal point indexes and drifting rate calculation of environmental parameters, the influence of environmental fluctuation on cell proliferation quality is reduced, and preparation quality and efficiency are guaranteed.

The invention discloses a tissue dissociation liquid, a tissue dissociation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of cell biology. In a DMEM / F12 culture medium, the tissue dissociation liquid only contains the following raw materials in concentration: 0.5 to 3 mg / mL of type II collagenase, 0.5 to 2 mg / mL of type IV collagenase, 0.5 to 2 mg / mL of hyaluronidase, 10 to 18 [mu] M of Y27632 and 80 to 150 [mu] g / mL of primocin. The tissue dissociation liquid provided by the invention can dissociate normal tissues or tumor tissues into single cells or cell clusters, the single cells obtained by the digestion method are high in proliferation rate and easy to successfully culture, and the tissue dissociation liquid has the technical advantages that the cell yield and survival rate are maintained at a relatively high level. Therefore, the tissue dissociation liquid provided by the invention has good application prospects in tumor tissue dissociation, cell line construction and organoid model construction.

The invention provides a dynamic regulation and control method for optimizing CAR-T cell amplification conditions, which comprises the following steps: acquiring high-frequency cell activity monitoring data from a cell culture system, and extracting metabolic marker fluctuation and proliferation rate mutation from the high-frequency cell activity monitoring data to obtain real-time cell state parameters; comparing the real-time cell state parameters with a T cell subset proportion and a cell factor release mode in historical immune data of the patient to obtain a cell state deviation value, and determining an abnormal fluctuation condition of proliferation rate mutation according to the cell state deviation value; if the abnormal fluctuation of the proliferation rate mutation exceeds a preset fluctuation threshold value, capturing proliferation signal abnormity by analyzing metabolic marker fluctuation and metabolic waste accumulation according to the cell state deviation value; according to the targeted culture parameter set, adjusting the oxygen supply quantity and the culture solution microenvironment of an oxygen concentration control system to obtain a culture environment for inhibiting cytokine storm and proliferation signal abnormity.

The invention discloses a toxoplasma gondii attenuated strain with deletion of a Tgsrs51 gene and application of the toxoplasma gondii attenuated strain, and belongs to the technical field of gene engineering. A Tgsrs51 gene is deleted in a genome of the toxoplasma gondii attenuated strain; and the ID (Identity) number of the Tgsrs51 gene on a ToxoDB (Database) website is TGME49308840. A Tgsrs51 gene deleted strain of a toxoplasma gondii type II Pru strain is constructed by utilizing a CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and experiments prove that the Tgsrs51 gene deletion can remarkably reduce the invasion efficiency of the toxoplasma gondii Pru strain, the secretion capacity of micronematosome MIC2 and the tachyzoite proliferation rate, lead to in-vitro growth limitation, remarkably improve the survival rate of infected mice and remarkably reduce the number of intracerebral cysts. The invention provides a theoretical basis for researching a molecular mechanism and an immune mechanism of toxoplasma gondii pathopoiesis, and provides a new strategy for prevention and control of toxoplasmosis.

The invention discloses an EST protease activity detection method which comprises the following steps: a, setting an EST experimental group, a negative control group and a blank control group; b, carrying out incubation reaction on the EST experimental group, the negative control group and the blank control group to obtain respective reaction mixtures; c, detecting the influence of the reaction mixture on breast cancer cell proliferation to obtain the proliferation rate of each group; and d, calculating the enzymatic activity of the EST protein. The method disclosed by the invention is simple and easy to implement, good in repeatability and capable of effectively detecting the activity of the EST protease.

The invention discloses an umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell serum-free culture medium, which is composed of a basic culture medium and additive components, and the additive components comprise, by final concentration, 5-20 [mu] g / mL of astragalus polysaccharide, 0.5-2.0 [mu] g / mL of salidroside, 0.1-0.5 [mu] g / mL of tanshinone IIA, 0.1-0.3 mg / mL of sodium pyruvate, 5-15 mM of D-ribose, 3-6 mg / mL of recombinant human albumin, and 5-10 [mu] g / mL of recombinant transferrin; the invention also discloses a method for culturing umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells under the hypoxia condition by using the serum-free culture medium. The method comprises the steps of cell inoculation, culture under the hypoxia condition, subculture, cell passage and the like. The astragalus polysaccharide, the salidroside, the tanshinone IIA, the sodium pyruvate, the recombinant human albumin and the recombinant transferrin are added into the serum-free culture medium, so that nutrition supply and function maintenance of cells under a low-oxygen condition are guaranteed, the proliferation rate and the differentiation capacity of the cultured cells are improved, the apoptosis rate of the cells is reduced, and the survival rate of the cells is increased. Wide application prospects are realized in the fields of cell culture, regenerative medicine and the like.

The present application relates to the field of plant tissue culture technology, and particularly discloses a lily stem cell abundance ex vivo regulation method. The lily bulb is used as the starting material, stem cell magnitude amplification and regulation culture can produce lily tissue organ materials with high stem cell abundance. The present application provides sterile lily materials with high stem cell abundance, which has the characteristics of strong regenerative ability, high proliferation rate, etc., is the basis for protoplast preparation and high-efficiency regeneration, and is suitable for different lily varieties, and provides technical support for cell engineering breeding, seedling scale breeding, etc.

This invention belongs to the field of biomedical research, specifically relating to the use of the human CFAP65 gene as a target in the preparation of therapeutic or diagnostic drugs for gastric cancer. Extensive and in-depth research has revealed that downregulating the expression of the human CFAP65 gene using RNAi methods can effectively inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and effectively control the growth process of gastric cancer. The siRNA or nucleic acid constructs containing the siRNA sequence, or lentiviruses provided by this invention, can specifically inhibit the proliferation rate and growth of gastric cancer cells, thereby treating gastric cancer and opening up new directions for gastric cancer treatment.

Immune cell engineered to inhibit the endogenous expression of one or more of Blimp-1 and A20 and / or overexpress one or more of exogenous TCF7 and Bach2. Method of treating cancer, comprising administering the cells described herein. Method of increasing one or more of a peak fold proliferation rate, a killing efficiency, or inducing the cellular characteristics associated with naïve phenotype of an immune cell, comprising introducing an exogenous construct encoding a CAR or a TCR, and inhibiting the endogenous expression of one or more of Blimp-1 and A20, and / or introducing an exogenous construct encoding one or more of TCF7 and Bach2. Method of generating a modified immune cell, comprising introducing an exogenous construct encoding a CAR or a TCR, and inhibiting the endogenous expression of one or more of Blimp-1 and A20, and / or introducing an exogenous construct encoding one or more of TCF7 and Bach2.

The invention discloses a plant stem cell nutrition synergist, and belongs to the technical field of plant stem cell nutrient solutions. The nutrient synergist can significantly improve the proliferation rate and survival rate of stem cells, promotes differentiation of the stem cells to target cell types, plays an important role in stem cell culture, can significantly improve the culture efficiency of the stem cells, provides comprehensive nutrient support and a suitable growth environment for stem cell culture, and has good application prospects. Proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells are promoted, and further research on the plant stem cells is facilitated.

The invention discloses an inflammatory pulmonary epithelium injury treatment evaluation method based on alveolar organs, and relates to the technical field of medical biology. The invention mainly aims at alveolar epithelium injury and repair in inflammatory lung injury, and establishes an organ-like model for simulating alveolar epithelium injury. By using the model, the efficacy of related drugs on alveolar epithelium injury repair can be detected in a targeted manner, and an efficient drug screening and evaluation platform and method are provided for pulmonary epithelium repair in inflammatory lung injury. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the steps that mouse alveolar epithelial stem cells are separated through magnetic bead sorting, an alveolar organoid inflammatory lung injury model is established through LPS exposure, alveolar organoid is treated through drugs, the organoid generation number, the organoid formation rate, the epithelial cell proliferation rate and the AT2-AT1 differentiation efficiency are detected, and the drug treatment effect is evaluated.

The application provides a kind of mitochondrial function optimization additive for cell culture, preparation method and application, belongs to cell culture technical field.The additive includes core active ingredient, auxiliary component and carrier, and the core active ingredient includes D-Arg-Cha-Lys-Phe-NH2 Polypeptide, ubiquinone-10 phosphate, reduced glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid.The application forms a multi-target core active system through the synergy of the four, realizes the triple synergistic protection of stabilizing mitochondrial cardiolipin, maintaining mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, and reducing mitochondrial ROS, which can significantly improve cell culture quality.When applied, the mitochondrial cardiolipin content can be increased by more than 50%, the mitochondrial abnormality ratio can be reduced to less than 12%, the membrane potential positive cell ratio can be increased to more than 86%, the mitochondrial ROS level can be reduced by more than 40%, and the cell proliferation rate can be increased by more than 25%, which is suitable for in vitro culture of various eukaryotic cells, and the preparation process is simple and has no cytotoxicity.

The invention relates to the technical field of biology, in particular to a method for increasing the growth rate of a Cupriavidus hookworm strain with carbon dioxide as a carbon source and an engineering strain. Glucokinase genes participating in glucose metabolism in the Cupriavidus hookworm strain are knocked out, alkaline phosphatase genes and haloid acid dehalogenase family (HAD) phosphatase genes are knocked out on the basis, and the growth rate of the Cupriavidus hookworm strain under the condition that carbon dioxide serves as a carbon source is increased through the operation. The bacterial strain with the increased proliferation rate can be used for producing single-cell protein by taking carbon dioxide as a raw material and is beneficial to fixation of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the production efficiency can be remarkably improved by utilizing the chassis cell to construct a metabolic engineering-based product synthesis strain.

Using a novel dependence on plasmid-mediated expression (DOPE) technology, conditional depletion of GrgA, a Chlamydia-specific protein, has been demonstrated to result in greatly reduced reticulate body (RB) proliferation rate and near complete lack of elementary body (EB) formation, thus disrupting the normal chlamydial developmental cycle. This conditional GrgA-deficient Chlamydia allows study of chlamydial growth and developmental regulation and can be used as the basis of an attenuated, maturation-defective but immunogenic bacteria for use as an avirulent vaccine against Chlamydia.

Methods are provided for generating unlimited immune cells with increased lifespan and high proliferation rate by modifying them to express BCL6 and genes that promote cell survival. Further methods are provided for generating and using said unlimited immune cells to treat diseases such as cancer.

The invention relates to a method for efficiently increasing the somatic embryo occurrence rate in the later stage of picea crassifolia embryonic tissue proliferation and continuously obtaining regenerated plants. The method mainly comprises the following steps of pretreatment before differentiation of embryonic tissues subjected to long-term subculture preservation, somatic embryo differentiation and somatic embryo germination and somatic embryo seedling transplanting. In order to solve the technical problem that excellent cell lines are difficult to continuously use due to the fact that the proliferation rate and the somatic embryo occurrence rate are obviously reduced after the picea crassifolia embryogenic tissue is subcultured for a long time, the invention constructs a set of efficient somatic embryo generation and plant regeneration technology suitable for the later proliferation period of the picea crassifolia embryogenic tissue. According to the method, the proliferation rate and somatic embryo occurrence rate of the embryogenic tissue are greatly improved by pretreating the embryogenic tissue in the later proliferation stage, and the problem that the proliferation rate and somatic embryo differentiation rate of the picea crassifolia embryogenic tissue are rapidly reduced along with the prolongation of subculture time is effectively solved by combining with an optimized culture medium formula in the somatic embryo differentiation stage.

The present invention relates to a low endotoxin yeast extract, a preparation method thereof and an application thereof. Calculated by dry basis weight percentage, the total nitrogen content in the low endotoxin yeast extract is 10-13%, the content of amino acid nitrogen is 4-6%, and the endotoxin content is ≤20 EU / g. The low endotoxin yeast extract prepared by the present invention is applied to cell culture, will not bring toxicity to cells, is beneficial to the purification and quality control of target products, can replace serum, and effectively improves the cell proliferation rate.

This invention relates to the field of biomedical polymer materials and surface modification engineering, specifically to a posterior scleral reinforcement material and its preparation method. It comprises a polymer matrix and a bioactive modified layer formed by the oxidative crosslinking of a heterobifunctional polymer coupling compound. This copolymer structure includes anchoring groups, hydrophilic linkers, and bioactive groups. Its core principle is to utilize the flexible extension of the hydrophilic linkers to reduce steric hindrance, fully exposing the bioactive groups to the material surface, thereby achieving efficient recognition and binding to integrin receptors. This invention effectively solves the problems of bioinertness of the synthesized polymer matrix and lack of cell recognition sites, achieving a cell proliferation rate more than twice that of the unmodified matrix, demonstrating the material's excellent bioactivity and cell compatibility.

The invention discloses a composition of type III collagen and beta-glucan and application of the composition in repairing vaginal mucosa injury, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicine, and the composition comprises the following effective components: type III collagen with the concentration of 0.3-1.8 mg / mL and beta-glucan with the mass concentration of 0.1-0.8%. The collagen III provides structural support required by tissue repair, the beta-glucan improves inflammation microenvironment, regulates immune response and jointly promotes proliferation and migration of damaged vaginal epithelial cells, the cell proliferation rate and the scratch healing rate are far higher than those of a group using any component independently, and rapid repair of mucosal lesions can be achieved.

The invention discloses a rumen fibroblast line as well as a construction method, a culture method and application thereof, the rumen fibroblast line G8 is preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection, the preservation number is CCTCC NO: C2025332, the rumen fibroblast line G8 has a typical fibroblast-like form and can be stably passaged, and the rumen fibroblast line G8 can be used as a rumen fibroblast cell line. The cell culture medium also has the characteristic of highly expressing fibroblast marker genes and the function of tolerating and utilizing rumen core metabolite butyric acid, and the proliferation rate and metabolic activity of the cell culture medium under the condition that 15mmol / L butyric acid is used as a main energy source are obviously superior to those of glucose culture; according to the construction method of the rumen fibroblast line, the steps of function screening and molecular identification are introduced, so that the identity authenticity of the constructed cell line can be ensured; the culture method of the rumen fibroblast line is simple and effective, culture medium materials are easy to obtain, and culture conditions are easy to realize; the rumen fibroblast line can be used for rumen in-vitro research, and is beneficial to clarification of a mechanism for regulating rumen interstitial metabolism and tissue repair by butyric acid.

The invention discloses a medical-grade PEEK composite material for 3D printing and a preparation method of the medical-grade PEEK composite material, relates to the technical field of 3D printing, and solves the problem of low biological activity of an existing PEEK material. The medical-grade PEEK composite material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-95 parts of a polyether-ether-ketone matrix, 5-15 parts of a bioactive filler, 0.5-5 parts of an interface modifier and 0.1-3 parts of a heat conduction and nucleation enhancer, the bioactive filler comprises nano-hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass in a weight ratio of (1-5): (5-1). The natural bone environment can be effectively simulated, the biological activity of the composite material is improved, and cell adhesion and proliferation are promoted, so that the cell proliferation rate is increased, and the antibacterial effect and the mechanical property of the composite material can be effectively improved.

The application provides a kind of mitochondrial function optimization additive for cell culture, preparation method and application, belong to cell culture technical field.The additive includes core active ingredient, auxiliary component and carrier, and the core active ingredient includes D-Arg-Cha-Lys-Phe-NH2 Polypeptide, ubiquinone-10 phosphate, reduced glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid.The application forms a multi-target core active system through the synergy of the four, realizes the triple synergistic protection of stabilizing mitochondrial cardiolipin, maintaining mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, and reducing mitochondrial ROS, which can significantly improve cell culture quality.When applied, the mitochondrial cardiolipin content can be increased by more than 50%, the mitochondrial abnormality ratio can be reduced to less than 12%, the membrane potential positive cell ratio can be increased to more than 86%, the mitochondrial ROS level can be reduced by more than 40%, and the cell proliferation rate can be increased by more than 25%, which is suitable for in vitro culture of various eukaryotic cells, and the preparation process is simple and has no cytotoxicity.

The invention belongs to the technical field of food-borne functional factors, and particularly relates to a bioactive glycopeptide as well as a preparation method and application thereof. According to the application, casein glycomacropeptide is taken as a substrate, specific protease is adopted for carrying out directional enzymolysis reaction on the casein glycomacropeptide, and after primary separation and purification by hydrophilic interaction chromatography and secondary purification by cation exchange chromatography are carried out, the bioactive glycopeptide with the molecular weight of less than 1,500 Da and more than 80% of components and the random coil secondary structure content of more than 35% is obtained. A system performance test shows that in an in-vitro cell experiment, the bioactive glycopeptide prepared by the embodiment of the invention can remarkably improve the proliferation rate of preosteoblasts and lay a sufficient cell quantity foundation for bone cell generation; meanwhile, the activity of an osteogenic early differentiation key marker ALP is effectively up-regulated, and the differentiation process of preosteoblasts towards the osteoblast direction is accelerated; in addition, the expression quantity of osteogenesis-related regulatory protein calcium-sensitive receptors is remarkably increased, and the function improvement of cells to mature bone cells is further promoted.

This invention discloses a culture medium, preparation method, and culture method for the industrial-scale preparation of mesenchymal stem cells, belonging to the field of cell therapy technology. The culture medium comprises a basal medium, cell growth factors, cell proliferation promoters, a vitamin mixture, a nucleoside mixture, and an amino acid mixture; wherein the cell growth factors are selected from one or more of TGF-β, bFGF, VEGF, PDGF, EGF, and IGF. Through the synergistic effect of the composite nutrient system, this invention significantly improves the proliferation rate and cell viability of mesenchymal stem cells, maintains stem cell stemness, trilineage differentiation ability, and secretion levels of key cytokines (VEGF, HGF, TGF-β, IL-10, etc.); it can be stably and continuously passaged up to the 15th generation without abnormal changes in genetic material. This culture medium contains no animal-derived components, has high batch-to-batch stability, and is cost-controllable, making it suitable for GMP-level large-scale industrial preparation of mesenchymal stem cells from various sources such as umbilical cord, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta.